Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of permethrin in the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus

WOS: 000350874900003PubMed: 25634326The toxicity of permethrin on the fertilization and early development of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos were studied. Spermiotoxicity was evaluated on the basis of fertilization rate. Embryotoxicity was determined by comparing the frequency of normal development and malformations in embryos exposed to permethrin throughout their development. Permethrin inhibited fertilization success, and yielded IC25 and IC50 values of 0.58 (CL = 0.44-0.77) and 0.94 (CL = 0.92-0.95) A mu g/L, respectively. The embryotoxicity of permethrin was concentration dependent indicating a decreased percentage of normally developed plutei with increasing permethrin concentrations: IC25 = 0.195 A mu g/L (CL = 0.15-0.26) and IC50 = 0.346 A mu g/L (CF = 0.29-0.41). Associated with the decrease in normal pluteus frequency was an increase in larval malformations as skeleton deformities. The results suggest that permethrin is more highly toxic to embryos than to sperm, and that this insecticide may present a potential risk for the sea urchin in contaminated marine environments

The relationship between chloride cells and salinity adaptation in the euryhaline teleost, Lebistes reticulatus

The present study elucidates, the relationship between chloride cells and salinity adaptation in the guppy, Lebistes reticulatus. Guppies were exposed to different salinities (2, 5, 8 and 11%) for 2 weeks to adapt them to salt water with the density of chloride cells was examined by light microscopy. The chloride cells of the gills were selectively stained by the fixator of Champy's modified by Maillet. The chloride cell density increased significantly in fish adapted to 8 and 11% salt concentration, which suggests that the densities of branchial chloride cells increased with environmental salinity. © Medwell Journals, 2009

A PRELIMINARY HISTOLOGICAL STUDY ON OVARIUM DEVELOPMENT IN MIRROR CARP AND SCALED CARP (Cyprinus carpio L., 1758) INTRODUCED INTO GELINGÜLLÜ RESERVOIR, TURKEY

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the most common species of the Cyprinidae family and is among the important species commercially caught in the Gelingüllü Reservoir, Yozgat, Turkey. In this study, the reproductive biology of mirror carp and scaled carp in Gelingüllü Reservoir was studied in terms of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and ovarian histology. Ovaries were classified into 5 maturity stages based on histological data, as follows: 1. Chromatin-nucleolus stage (oocyte diameter is 20-60 µm); 2. Peri-nucleolar stage (oocyte diameter is 60-200 µm); 3. Cortical alveolar stage (oocyte diameter is 200-600 µm); 4. Vitellogenic stage (oocyte diameter is 600-1000 µm); 5. Maturation stage (oocyte diameter is 1000-1400 µm). When ovulation was completed, post-ovulatory follicles and atretic follicles were noted in the ovaries. The spawning period in both populations extended from April to July, but peak-spawning activity occurred in April and May. Absolute fecundity reached 2.133 million eggs in mirror carp and 1.628 million eggs in scaled carp. Ovaries that contained both yolk stage oocytes and postovulatory follicles indicated that carp is a multiple spawner. Histological analysis in the present study showed that female mirror carp and scaled carp had mature eggs that contributed to sustaining the both populations in Gelingüllü Reservoir

A prelımınary hıstologıcal study on ovarıum development ın mırror carp and scaled carp (Cyprinus Carpio L., 1758) ıntroduced ınto gelıngüllü reservoır, Turkey

Erkmen, Belda (Aksaray, Yazar)Carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the most common species of the Cyprinidae family and is among the important species commercially caught in the Gelingüllü Reservoir, Yozgat, Turkey. In this study, the reproductive biology of mirror carp and scaled carp in Gelingüllü Reservoir was studied in terms of the gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and ovarian histology. Ovaries were classified into 5 maturity stages based on histological data, as follows: 1. Chromatin-nucleolus stage (oocyte diameter is 20-60 µm); 2. Peri-nucleolar stage (oocyte diameter is 60-200 µm); 3. Cortical alveolar stage (oocyte diameter is 200-600 µm); 4. Vitellogenic stage (oocyte diameter is 600-1000 µm); 5. Maturation stage (oocyte diameter is 1000-1400 µm). When ovulation was completed, post-ovulatory follicles and atretic follicles were noted in the ovaries. The spawning period in both populations extended from April to July, but peak-spawning activity occurred in April and May. Absolute fecundity reached 2.133 million eggs in mirror carp and 1.628 million eggs in scaled carp. Ovaries that contained both yolk stage oocytes and postovulatory follicles indicated that carp is a multiple spawner. Histological analysis in the present study showed that female mirror carp and scaled carp had mature eggs that contributed to sustaining the both populations in Gelingüllü Reservoir

Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes in biomarker responses in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for biomonitoring the Meric Delta, Turkey

Erkmen, Belda (Aksaray, Yazar)The aim of this study is to examine the activity of several biomarkers in carp, Cyprinus carpio L., to determine their response to xenobiotics, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in the Meriç Delta. Fish were collected from contaminated sites and from areas regarded as relatively less contaminated in four sampling periods. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CaE), lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and acid phosphatase activities were measured as biomarkers in the fish. For all fish, the condition factor and hepatosomatic index, were calculated to determine the condition of the fish. The results of this study indicated that the mean GST activity showed an increase in fish from the Meriç-Ergene junction site and a decrease in Enez site with respect to fish from Meriç site. Furthermore, the study shows that spatial and temporal changes of biomarkers such as GST and CaE might be useful for the assessment of environmental contamination in the Meriç Delta

Genotoxicity of sub-lethal di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

WOS: 000377687600004PubMed: 27092636This study aimed to assess genotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) erythrocytes after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of 10 mg L-1 di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) for 24 and 96 h. The results showed that mean MN frequencies in both DBP and ethyl methane-sulfonate (EMS, positive control for MN bioassay) groups were significantly different (p<0.01) with respect to control and solvent control groups, in both exposure scenarios. When analysing nuclear abnormalities, the frequency of notched nuclei was significantly different (p<0.05) but the frequencies of other subtypes did not change. The 96-h exposure led to an increase in the mean frequencies of notched nuclei, and also caused significant differences between MN frequencies in all groups (p<0.01). Our findings indicate that sub-lethal DBP concentrations when tested in controlled laboratory conditions have genotoxic potential towards Nile tilapia. Further detailed studies should be done for the determination of the environmental risk assessment for aquatic life since DBP is a high risk contaminant of freshwater and marine ecosystems

Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediment samples from Lake Manyas, Turkey

PubMed ID: 24620575The extent of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contamination in Manyas Lake (Bird Lake) and its tributary rivers and streams which is situated near the South-eastern coasts of the Marmara Sea in Turkey was investigated. Residues of OCPs in surface water and sediment samples were analysed by gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The total OCPs concentration (?OCPs) in water and sediment samples ranged from 1.43 to 8.6 µg l -1 and from 17.05 to 39.14 ng g-1, respectively. According to the concentrations and detection frequencies, HCHs, DDTs, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds among the OCPs. The results showed that Manyas Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite bans on the production and usage over a long time. © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India)

Genotoxicity of sub-lethal di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to assess genotoxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) erythrocytes after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of 10 mg L-1 di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) for 24 and 96 h. The results showed that mean MN frequencies in both DBP and ethyl methane-sulfonate (EMS, positive control for MN bioassay) groups were significantly different (p<0.01) with respect to control and solvent control groups, in both exposure scenarios. When analysing nuclear abnormalities, the frequency of notched nuclei was significantly different (p<0.05) but the frequencies of other subtypes did not change. The 96-h exposure led to an increase in the mean frequencies of notched nuclei, and also caused significant differences between MN frequencies in all groups (p<0.01). Our findings indicate that sub-lethal DBP concentrations when tested in controlled laboratory conditions have genotoxic potential towards Nile tilapia. Further detailed studies should be done for the determination of the environmental risk assessment for aquatic life since DBP is a high risk contaminant of freshwater and marine ecosystems

Does persistent organic pollutant PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) negative impacts on the aquatic invertebrate organism, Astacus leptodactylus [Eschscholtz, 1823]

Highly persistent perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an industrial fluorinated organic chemical with significant bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxic effects of sublethal PFOS on the aquatic invertebrate organism, narrow-clawed crayfish [Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823]. The 96 h LC50 value was determined as 48.81 mg/L (34.19-63.68 mg/L) with probit analysis. The sublethal experimental design was formed into four groups solvent control (DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide), non-treated control group, and 1/10 (5 mg/L) and 1/100 (0.5 mg/L) of 96 h LC50 of PFOS, and crayfish were exposed for 48 h, 7 d, and 21 d under laboratory conditions. Total haemocyte counts (THCs) decreased, while the haemolymph total antioxidant status (TAS) values increased (p 0.05). GPX and CAT activities decreased, but SOD activity increased in hepatopancreas tissue (p < 0.05). SOD activity at both concentrations and CAT activity at 5 mg/L PFOS exposure decreased in gill tissue, while GPX activity increased at both concentrations of 48 h and 7 d and returned to control values on day 21 of exposure. Histopathological alterations were detected in hepatopancreas and gill tissues. Lamellar deformations, epithelial hyperplasia, and haemocytic infiltrations were observed in the gill tissues, whereas tubular degeneration, tubule loss, necrosis, and lesions in the hepatopancreas tissues were the major recorded alterations. As a result, the sublethal concentrations of PFOS have toxic effects on crayfish and histologically cause tissue damage. Our findings also support a better understanding of the early toxicological effects of PFOS in freshwater ecosystems. Also, it could be concluded that A. leptodactylus is a reliable model for examining histopathological alterations and differences in enzyme activities together with the haemolymph findings in toxicology studies amid aquatic species