Pretreatment with polyamines alleviate the deleterious effects of diuron in maize leaves

The effects of diuron, a photosystem II inhibiting herbicide, on lipid peroxidation, photosynthetic pigments, soluble protein, proline contents and some antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves were studied and protective effects of polyamines against diuron toxicity were investigated. Diuron significantly increased lipid peroxidation, suggesting oxidative damage in the plants and proline content, while it decreased total chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble protein levels in the leaves during the experiments. Pretreatment with polyamines statistically decreased lipid peroxidation induced by diuron and spermine (SPM) proved to be the most effective polyamine. Also, pretreatment with polyamines significantly prevented the losses of total chlorophyll, carotenoid and soluble protein induced by diuron. On the other hand, pretreatment with polyamines significantly increased proline contents of the leaves in comparison with the leaves treated with diuron. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased in the leaves treated with diuron while catalase (CAT ) activity decreased. Pretreatment with spermidine (SPD) did not change significantly SOD activity at 24 and 72 hrs of diuron treatment but prevented the increase in SOD activity induced by diuron at 48 h. However, pretreatment with SPD increased GPX activity at 24 h and GR activity at 48 and 72 hrs. CAT activity in the leaves pretreated with SPD was similar to that of the leaves treated with diuron. Pretreatment with SPM prevented the increase in SOD activity induced by diuron at 48 h but significantly increased it at 72 h of diuron treatment. However, pretreatment with SPM did not significantly change GPX and GR activities during the experiments but reversed the decrease in CAT activity induced by diuron at 72 h. Pretreatment with putrescine (PUT) prevented the increase in SOD activity induced by diuron at 48 and 72 hrs while it increased GPX and GR activities at 48 h of diuron treatment. Also, the decrease in CAT activity induced by diuron at 72 h was completely prevented by PUT. It can be concluded that pretreatment of maize leaves with polyamines reduced the damage produced by diuron and the protective effects of polyamines against diuron toxicity were closely associated with antioxidant system

Synthesis and pharmacological activities of some new 2-[1-Heptyl-3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl] acetohydrazide derivatives

WOS: 000347145200004In the present investigation, the key intermediate acetohydrazide derivative 5 was synthesized starting from 3-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (1) by a four-step reaction. Thiosemicarbazides 6a-f and arylidenehydrazide derivatives 8a-d were obtained from compound 5. the cyclization of compounds 6a-f in the presence of NaOH resulted in the formation of compounds 7a-f. the compounds were characterized by IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectial studies. the compounds were tested for their anti-lipase, anti-alpha-glucosidase and anti-mycobacterial activities. Compounds 6b and 8c exhibited excellent anti-lipase activity, and compound 8d showed excellent anti-alpha-glucosidase activity. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited good anti-tuberculosis activity.Karadeniz Technical University, BAP, TurkeyKaradeniz Technical University [10020]The support provided by Karadeniz Technical University, BAP, Turkey (project no. 10020) is gratefully acknowledged

We are Learning Turkish

We are Learning Turkish (Türkçe Öğreniyoruz), a complete course in Turkish, comprises four volumes. Each volume has 10 chapters that aim to help students understand, write, read and speak the Turkish language through a step by step approach

Determining The Levels of Depression and Hope in Elderly Individuals

This study was conducted as a descriptive study to determine the depression and hopelessness levels of elderly individuals. While the population of the study consists of 150 old people who are members of one of the groups that serve retirees, the sample consists of 100 elderly people who match the study's inclusion requirements. The Sociodemographic Information Form, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form (GDS-15), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BDS) were used to collect data. The research findings were gathered through face-to-face interviews between March and April 2023. In the analysis of the data, the relationships between the variables were analyzed using the Independent Sample t-Test, and the One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests in the comparison of more than two independent groups. The older persons enrolled in this study had a mean GDS-15 score of 7.272.91 and a mean BIS score of 11.615.14. It was determined that older people suffered from mild depression and significant despair. The GDS-15 and BAI scores of the elderly were shown to have a strong positive (r=0.638) and statistically significant (p<0.001) connection. It was shown that the older persons who retired as employees had a greater average of sadness (7.902.69) and despair (12.584.78) than tradesmen and housewives. The mean BAI of men (12.634.87) was found to be substantially greater than the mean of women (8.564.80) (p=0.000). It is advised to conduct frequent follow-ups and raise awareness of de-pressed symptoms and hope in senior people in order to diagnose depression more readily in old age

Cane sign: sciatic neuropathy appearance in magnetic resonance imaging

We present a patient with idiopathic sciatic neuropathy with demonstrative magnetic resonance imaging findings

Synthesis and evaluation of lipase inhibitory activities of substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives

1409-1417Pancreatic lipase (PL) plays a major role in the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids in the small intestine before absorption of fats. The excessive consumption of dietary fat (triglyceride) and not to utilize it for energy production can cause an increase in obesity. Obesity is one of the serious health problem in the world and leads to many diseases such as some types of cancer, heart disease, gallstones, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease. Therefore, lipase is the target enzyme to prevent these diseases and the inhibitors of lipase are very important molecules as drug candidate molecules. In this study, fifteen new heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized starting from 2-[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]-acetohydrazide and their anti-lipase activities have been examined. According to in vitro inhibition studies, molecule 2e is found to be the most potent inhibitor with the lowest IC50 value. Docking studies' results have substantially supported this result and it is seen that compound 2e is one of the four molecules with the highest binding affinity. This molecule binds to the enzyme in its binding pocket by means of weak interactions with mainly Ile79, Asp80, Val260, Arg257 and His264

Nosema pieriae sp. n. (Microsporida, Nosematidae): A New Microsporidian Pathogen of the Cabbage Butterfly Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

A new microsporidian pathogen of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris brassicae is described based on light microscopy, ultrastructural characteristics and comparative small subunit rDNA analysis. The pathogen infects the gut of P. brassicae. All development stages are in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Meronts are spherical or ovoid. Spherical meronts measure 3.68 ± 0.73 × 3.32 ± 1.09 µm and ovoid meronts 4.04 ± 0.74 × 2.63 ± 0.49 µm. Sporonts are spherical to elongate (4.52 ± 0.48 × 2.16 ± 0.27 µm). Sporoblasts are elongated and measure 4.67 ± 0.60 × 2.30 ± 0.30 µm in length. Fresh spores with nuclei arranged in a diplokaryon are oval and measure 5.29 ± 0.55 µm in length and 2.31 ± 0.29 µm in width. Spores stained with Giemsa’s stain measure 4.21 ± 0.50 µm in length and 1.91 ± 0.24 µm in width. Spores have an isofilar polar filament with six coils. All morphological, ultrastructural and molecular features indicate that the described microsporidium belongs to the genus Nosema and confirm that it has different taxonomic characters than other microsporidia infecting Pieris spp

Synthesis and evaluation of lipase inhibitory activities of substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives

Pancreatic lipase (PL) plays a major role in the hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides to monoglycerides and free fatty acids in the small intestine before absorption of fats. The excessive consumption of dietary fat (triglyceride) and not to utilize it for energy production can cause an increase in obesity. Obesity is one of the serious health problem in the world and leads to many diseases such as some types of cancer, heart disease, gallstones, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease. Therefore, lipase is the target enzyme to prevent these diseases and the inhibitors of lipase are very important molecules as drug candidate molecules. In this study, fifteen new heterocyclic compounds have been synthesized starting from 2-[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]-acetohydrazide and their anti-lipase activities have been examined. According to in vitro inhibition studies, molecule 2e is found to be the most potent inhibitor with the lowest IC50 value. Docking studies' results have substantially supported this result and it is seen that compound 2e is one of the four molecules with the highest binding affinity. This molecule binds to the enzyme in its binding pocket by means of weak interactions with mainly Ile79, Asp80, Val260, Arg257 and His264.

(E)-4-(4-Hydr­oxy-3-methoxy­benzyl­idene­amino)-3-[1-(4-isobutyl­phen­yl)eth­yl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H26N4O2S, contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules (A and B). The isobutyl unit of mol­ecule B is disordered over two orientations with refined occupancies of 0.785 (6) and 0.215 (6). In each mol­ecule, intra­molecular C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds generate S(6) ring motifs. The essentially planar 1,2,4-triazole rings [r.m.s. deviations of 0.004 (2) and 0.011 (2) Å, in A and B respectively] form dihedral angles of 85.86 (12), 8.38 (10)°, respectively, with the isobutyl-substituted phenyl ring and the 2-methoxy­phenol substituent in mol­ecule A [89.26 (13) and 2.46 (10)°, respectively, in B]. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds link neighbouring mol­ecules, generating R 2 2(7) ring motifs. These molecules are further inter­connected into extended chains along [20] by inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by π–π [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6299 (13) Å] and C—H⋯π inter­actions. A short O⋯O contact of 2.781 (2) Å is also observed

(E)-3-Allyl­sulfanyl-N-(4-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxy­phen­yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine

The title compound, C22H24N4O4S, adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond. A weak intra­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed between the N atom of the C=N double bond and its neighboring phenyl H atom. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions