Status of the Important Bioresources of Girwa River with Special Reference to Ganges River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh, India

The Girwa River in India supports a rich variety of fauna including the endangered Ganges River Dolphin and critical endangered gharial. Due to rising conservation concerns, biologists in the country have conducted a great deal of research over the past few decades on the status of these species in its distribution range. However, in the Girwa River such studies are still lacking, both to inform conservation efforts and to help address broader concerns related to biodiversity conservation. In light of the above statement, the present study was conducted in the ca.18 km of the Girwa River in Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttar Pradesh. During the survey, dolphins, crocodile and aquatic birds were encountered along most of the river with the exception of ca. 1.5 km section below the international border and a ca. 2 km section above the Girijapuri barrage. Based on the best estimate, Low-best-high figures of 27-35-41 dolphins, with an encounter rate of 1.94 dolphins/km were estimated. Besides dolphin, 65 gharial, 20 mugger crocodile and 64 species of aquatic birds were counted. Actual growth may be higher because of possible population under estimation during the present survey. Increasing anthropogenic activities such as dam and barrage, coupled with mortality in fishing nets, are likely to affect the future survival of these populations. Recommendations for management and research are made to ensure the effective conservation of these species in the Girwa River

Distillation Column Control Strategies; IMC & IMC Based PID Controller

Distillation column is a multi-input multi-output system, used especially in petrochemical industries. It is a multi-variable control system, used to separate various components of a mixture. It is a highly interacting system. So the objective of this project is to control the compositions of top and bottom products. The performance analysis of controlling different compositions has been found out using different control strategies i.e. PID controller as well as IMC controller. It is found out that the performance analysis of IMC controller is better than that of the PID controller. The project emphasizes mainly on the tuning of the IMC controller. For that, different models of the process have been taken and the responses have been found out. Some empirical relationships have been derived between the tuning parameters and the process response characteristics. Based on this relationships, an empirical formula has been derived between the tuning parameter and the process parameters. That has been tested for an unknown process and verified in order to get the desired response characteristics

Entrepreneurial Behaviour of the Agriculture Students-A review

The present study aimed to investigate the factors that influence the entrepreneurial behavior of college students. The study identified various personal and situational factors that may affect entrepreneurial behavior. The results showed that personality traits, such as openness, extraversion, and conscientiousness, had a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial behavior. Specific motivational traits, such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and risk-taking propensity, were also significant predictors of entrepreneurial behavior. Situational factors, such as entrepreneurship education, were found to have a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial behavior, with entrepreneurial self-efficacy playing a key mediating role in this relationship. Attitudes towards entrepreneurship were found to be a significant driver of entrepreneurial intention, with perceived desirability and feasibility, as well as perceived individual and collective efficacy, also significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. Sustainable entrepreneurial intention was found to be influenced by attitude towards the behavior variable, with subjective norms playing an indirect role in mediating this effect. Overall, the study suggests that personal traits, such as personality and motivational factors, as well as situational factors, such as education and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, are significant predictors of entrepreneurial behavior. These findings have important implications for educators and policymakers who seek to promote entrepreneurial behavior among college students. Future research should continue to explore the complex relationships between personal and situational factors and entrepreneurial behavior to further enhance our understanding of this important phenomenon. &nbsp

Bait specificity in Hook and line fishery of River Ganga and associated conservation issues

Recent survey in lower 1,110 km stretch of River Ganga regarding ‘hook and line’ fishery revealed that fishers apply their inherited indigenous knowledge for selection of bait to harvest finfish and shellfish from river water. A total number of 26 different types of baits under 07 categories were recorded. Six varieties of fish species and four types of insects are found to be prevalent for catching carnivorous fishes. Five specially modified indigenous types of bait moulded with fish attractants were also documented. Bait-fish species association in hook and line fishery of river Ganga is discussed. Feeding habits of the target fishes was compared with the type of baits employed. Conservation issues associated with hook and line fishery is highlighted along with possible remedial measures. Different varieties of hook & line fishery which are in operation in river Ganga are briefly described. Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) associated with hook & line fishery needs to be properly documented and preserved for developing and encouraging ‘sport fishery’ in River Ganga

Bait specificity in Hook and line fishery of River Ganga and associated conservation issues

61-72Recent survey in lower 1,110 km stretch of River Ganga regarding ‘hook and line’ fishery revealed that fishers apply their inherited indigenous knowledge for selection of bait to harvest finfish and shellfish from river water. A total number of 26 different types of baits under 07 categories were recorded. Six varieties of fish species and four types of insects are found to be prevalent for catching carnivorous fishes. Five specially modified indigenous types of bait moulded with fish attractants were also documented. Bait-fish species association in hook and line fishery of river Ganga is discussed. Feeding habits of the target fishes was compared with the type of baits employed. Conservation issues associated with hook and line fishery is highlighted along with possible remedial measures. Different varieties of hook & line fishery which are in operation in river Ganga are briefly described. Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (ITK) associated with hook & line fishery needs to be properly documented and preserved for developing and encouraging ‘sport fishery’ in River Ganga

SEROPREVALENCE OF LEPTOSPIRA HARDJO IN THE MEGHALAYA CATTLE POPULATION: A PILOT STUDY

Leptospirosis is a seemingly unexplored disease among cattle population of Meghalaya. Prior to the present study, the seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in cattle population of Meghalaya was unknown. This pilot study was designed to find out serological evidence of Leptospirosis in dairy cattle. For this purpose, 276 bovine serum samples were collected from two cattle dense districts of Meghalaya. Serological testing was performed employing a commercially available double sandwich ELISA and the seroprevalence was found as 8.33% (23/276). Therefore, it could be stated that the cattle population of Meghalaya is maintaining Leptospira Hardjo, which is one of the most important host specific (cattle) serovar. This warrants further studies, intensive surveillance and control strategies in the state in order to reduce the disease burden and economic loss

Constraints on the χ_(c1) versus χ_(c2) polarizations in proton-proton collisions at √s = 8 TeV

The polarizations of promptly produced χ_(c1) and χ_(c2) mesons are studied using data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, in proton-proton collisions at √s=8  TeV. The χ_c states are reconstructed via their radiative decays χ_c → J/ψγ, with the photons being measured through conversions to e⁺e⁻, which allows the two states to be well resolved. The polarizations are measured in the helicity frame, through the analysis of the χ_(c2) to χ_(c1) yield ratio as a function of the polar or azimuthal angle of the positive muon emitted in the J/ψ → μ⁺μ⁻ decay, in three bins of J/ψ transverse momentum. While no differences are seen between the two states in terms of azimuthal decay angle distributions, they are observed to have significantly different polar anisotropies. The measurement favors a scenario where at least one of the two states is strongly polarized along the helicity quantization axis, in agreement with nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics predictions. This is the first measurement of significantly polarized quarkonia produced at high transverse momentum