Segmentary effects on the renal proximal tubule due to hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in rats: biomarkers related to gender.

Renal tissue biomarkers (glutamine synthetase and p-aminohippuric acid uptake) were studied in male and female rats after treatment with hexachloro-1,3-butadiene. Reduced glutathione content was also determined in liver and kidney. Histopathological examination (light microscopy) was then performed. The aim was to define sex differences in nephrotoxic effects caused by the solvent i.p. injected at 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 dose. The rats were sacrificed 24 and 48 h after treatment; after 24 h a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent depletion of liver reduced glutathione was observed in male rats only; after 48 h male and female rats showed a significant (P<0.05) increase at 50 and 100 mg kg-1 doses. Reduced glutathione in the kidney was increased in male but not in female rats 24 and 48 h after treatment. Glutamine synthetase activity in renal tissue showed a significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent decrease 24 and 48 h after treatment in both sexes, but it was significantly (P<0.05) greater in female rats after 48 h. p-Aminohippuric acid uptake in renal cortical slices appeared significantly (P<0.05) decreased in both sexes at the higher dose 24 h after treatment but this was significantly (P<0.05) greater in female rats. A further significant (P<0.05) impairment was observed after 48 h in males treated with a 200 mg kg-1 dose. In addition, a slight but significant (P<0.05) loss of p-aminohippuric acid uptake was observed 48 h after treatment with 100 mg kg-1 dose in both sexes. Light microscopy showed that pars recta of the proximal tubule was mainly affected and tubular damage increased according to dose and time, involving the inner medulla and cortex. In conclusion, female rats show a significantly earlier and higher susceptibility of the kidney to toxic effects of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

Immunity against infectious diseases: Predictive value of self-reported history of vaccination and disease

Objective: To determine whether self-reported history of disease and/or vaccination is predictive of immunity against hepatitis B, varicella, rubella, mumps, and measles. Design: The seroprevalence of viral antibodies and predictive value of a self-reported questionnaire were determined for 616 paramedical students who matriculated into Padua Medical School (Padua, Italy) during 2003-2005. Results: The majority of subjects (86.9%) remembered being vaccinated against hepatitis B but had no recollection of disease. Among vaccinees, 1.5% showed markers of previous infection, 6.7% tested negative for anti-hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg) antibodies, and 91.8% tested positive for anti-HBsAg. Self-reported vaccination history had a positive predictive value of 93.2% for test results positive for immunity against hepatitis B. Immunity against varicella (93.7% of subjects) and rubella (95.5%) was high, compared with immunity against mumps (79.9%) and measles (83.1%). In addition, results of tests for detection of immunity against mumps and measles were equivocal for more than 7% of subjects, probably because their vaccination regimen was not completed. Self-reported histories of varicella disease and rubella disease and vaccination had high positive predictive values (greater than 98% each) for testing positive for antiviral antibodies, compared with self-reported histories of mumps disease and vaccination and measles disease and vaccination; however, high positive predictive values were observed for self-reported histories of mumps only (92.0%) and measles only (94.7%). Conclusions: The self-report questionnaire used in this study did not accurately predict immunity against 5 transmittable but vaccine-preventable diseases. A complete serological evaluation of healthcare workers, followed by vaccination of those with negative or equivocal results of serological tests, is an appropriate measure to decrease the risk of infection in this population