TNF-α-induced E3 ligase, TRIM15 inhibits TNF-α-regulated NF-κB pathway by promoting turnover of K63 linked ubiquitination of TAK1

Ubiquitin E3-ligases are recruited at different steps of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation; however, their role in temporal regulation of the pathway remains elusive. The study systematically identified TRIMs as potential feedback regulators of the TNF-α-induced NF-κB pathway. We further observed that TRIM15 is “late” response TNF-α-induced gene and inhibits the TNF-α-induced NF-κB pathway in several human cell lines. TRIM15 promotes turnover of K63-linked ubiquitin chains in a PRY/SPRY domain-dependent manner. TRIM15 interacts with TAK1 and inhibits its K63-linked ubiquitination, thus NF-κB activity. Further, TRIM15 interacts with TRIM8 and inhibits cytosolic translocation to antagonize TRIM8 modualted NF-κB. TRIM8 and TRIM15 also show functionally inverse correlation in psoriasis condition. In conclusion, TRIM15 is TNF-α-induced late response gene and inhibits TNF-α induced NF-κB pathway hence a feedback modulator to keep the proinflammatory NF-κB pathway under control

Efficiency Theory: a Unifying Theory for Information, Computation and Intelligence

The paper serves as the first contribution towards the development of the theory of efficiency: a unifying framework for the currently disjoint theories of information, complexity, communication and computation. Realizing the defining nature of the brute force approach in the fundamental concepts in all of the above mentioned fields, the paper suggests using efficiency or improvement over the brute force algorithm as a common unifying factor necessary for the creation of a unified theory of information manipulation. By defining such diverse terms as randomness, knowledge, intelligence and computability in terms of a common denominator we are able to bring together contributions from Shannon, Levin, Kolmogorov, Solomonoff, Chaitin, Yao and many others under a common umbrella of the efficiency theory

Multi-layered genome defences in bacteria

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordData Availability: No data were used for the research described in the article.Bacteria have evolved a variety of defence mechanisms to protect against mobile genetic elements, including restriction-modification systems and CRISPR-Cas. In recent years, dozens of previously unknown defence systems (DSs) have been discovered. Notably, diverse DSs often coexist within the same genome, and some co-occur at frequencies significantly higher than would be expected by chance, implying potential synergistic interactions. Recent studies have provided evidence of defence mechanisms that enhance or complement one another. Here, we review the interactions between DSs at the mechanistic, regulatory, ecological and evolutionary levels.Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)Medical Research Council (MRC)Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

Sea level rise and inundation of island interiors: Assessing impacts of lake formation and evaporation on water resources in arid climates

Coasts of many low-lying islands will be inundated should sea level rise by 1 m by 2100 as projected, thereby decreasing water resources through aquifer salinization. A lesser known impact occurs if rising sea level elevates water tables above interior topographic lows to form lakes. Impacts of lake formation on water resources, however, remain unquantified. Here we use hydrological models, based on islands in the Bahamian archipelago, to demonstrate that on islands with negative water budgets, evaporation following lake inundation can cause more than twice the loss of fresh groundwater resources relative to an equivalent amount of coastal inundation. This result implies that in dry climates, low-lying islands with inland depressions could face substantially greater threats to their water resources from sea level rise than previously considered

Optical and thermal characterization of poly(<i>o</i>-methylaniline) films

580-582Poly(o-methylaniline) films have bee deposited by electrochemical polymerization on transparent SnO2: F coated glass electrodes under galva nostatic conditions. Effect of electrode conductivity, deposition time and applied current on the optical and thermal properties ofthe films have been investigated. The optical absorption spectra of films show a peak at ~800 nm and a shoulder at ~420 nm which is attributed to the transitions of lattice polaron. The shift in absorption wavelengths related to the leucoemeraldine and emraline salt forms of poly(o-methylaniline) as compared with the band positions in pure polyaniline, may be due to steric effect of the methyl substituent. The thermogravimetric analysis shows a three-step decomposition of the polymer corresponding to loss of water molecules, loss of chlorine' and hydrochloric acid, and decomposition and degradation of the polymer backbone respectively

Surface integrity and corrosion performances of hardened bearing steel after hard turning

The primary role of hard turning is to realize surfaces with high dimensional accuracy and high surface integrity to improve functional performances of the manufactured product. To this aim, the turning process parameters have to be carefully chosen. The present work deals with the correlation between hard turning parameters, surface and sub-surface characteristics, and corrosion behavior of the AISI 52100 bearing steel. Different cutting speeds and cooling conditions, specifically conventional flood and cryogenic cooling, were used for hard turning. Microstructural observations, residual stresses, nano-hardness, and surface finish measurements were carried out to assess the surface integrity modifications induced by machining. Then, potentiodynamic polarization curves were carried out, and the corroded surfaces were inspected. The obtained results showed that a remarkably improved corrosion resistance was obtained by using the lowest adopted cutting speed coupled with cryogenic cooling. Specifically, the former contributed to generate a wider nanostructure layer close to the machined surface, while the latter induced compressive residual stress state in correspondence of it

Nanocrystalline HoCrO4: facile synthesis and magnetic properties

Nanocrystalline HoCrO4 powder was synthesized by a combustion technique using glycine and citric acid as the fuels in different oxidant-to-fuel ratios. Fuel-deficient glycine-nitrate combustion reaction resulted in zircon type HoCrO4 free from HoCrO3 phase. The crystallite size for the phase pure product after calcination at 575 °C in oxygen atmosphere was found to be 34 nm by X-ray line broadening. The TEM observations showed highly porous structure. Magnetic measurements reveal the ferromagnetic nature of HoCrO4 nano particles with 7 = 18 K. The compound shows high remanence of 30.4 emu . g1 and low coercivity of -0.0343 T