Proposal for the design of a sports school for soccer and volleyball for children and young people aged 6 to 14 years with a focus on constructivism

La presente investigación: “Propuesta para el diseño de una escuela deportiva de futbol y voleibol para niños y jóvenes en edades de 6 a 14 años con enfoque en el constructivismo”, realizada entre los años 2019 y 2020, tiene como objetivo, proponer el diseño de una escuela deportiva de fútbol y voleibol relacionada con un modelo constructivista, como una estrategia para el aprovechamiento libre de los niños y jóvenes en edades de 6 a 14 años del Instituto Caldas. La metodología desarrollada se basó en un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, diseño no experimental y descriptivo, a partir de la búsqueda bibliográfica se presentan los conceptos relevantes para la investigación con aportes teóricos sobre constructivismo, como modelo en la enseñanza deportiva, así mismo los tópicos y reglamentos necesarios para la implementación de una escuela deportiva, como la motivación, el deporte, los principios básicos de la práctica deportiva, la importancia de las actividades extraescolares, hábitos saludables y el aprovechamiento del tiempo libre. Se definieron categorías axiales con las que se construyó la interpretación a la luz de la teoría, en donde se retoman los autores relacionados en los marcos, tanto teórico como conceptual y se triangula la información que es la construcción teórica de los investigadores. Se concluye que el diseño de la escuela deportiva es una estrategia positiva para el aprovechamiento del tiempo libre y del desarrollo personal, ya que los estudiantes en la entrevista manifestaron motivación por hacer parte de ella, recalcando que pueden mejorar las relaciones interpersonales, crear vínculos para fortalecer el trabajo en equipo y tener una sana convivencia con alumnos de otros grados. De igual manera la escuela de formación deportiva permitirá que los estudiantes tengan un óptimo desarrollo físico, emocional, social y deportivo.Introducción 13 Capítulo 1: Descripción del problema 16 1.1 Planteamiento del problema 16 1.2 Objetivos 18 1.2.1 Objetivo general 18 1.2.2 Objetivos específicos 19 1.3 Manejo de supuestos de investigación 19 1.4 Justificación 20 Capítulo 2: Fundamentación teórica y referencial 23 2.1 Antecedentes de Investigación 23 2.2 Marco teórico 33 2.2.1 Constructivismo como modelo creativo 33 2.3 Marco conceptual 42 2.3.1 El deporte, importancia y clasificación 43 2.3.1.1 El deporte recreativo 45 2.3.1.2 Las habilidades motrices 45 2.3.2 Las capacidades coordinativas 46 2.3.3 Educación física 47 2.3.3.3 Estilos de enseñanza en la educación física 51 2.3.4 Formación integral 55 2.3.5 Escuelas deportivas 56 2.3.6 Iniciación deportiva 57 2.3.7 Beneficios de la actividad física y estilos de vida saludables 59 2.3.8 El tiempo libre y su importancia 60 2.4 Marco legal 62 Capítulo 3: Metodología 68 3.1 Método de investigación 68 3.2 Población, participantes y selección de la muestra 71 3.2.1 Macro escenario 72 3.2.2 Micro escenario 73 3.3 Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos 73 3.3.1 La encuesta 73 3.3.2 Entrevista semiestructurada 75 Desarrollo de la entrevista 75 3.4 Código ético del investigador 76 Capítulo 4: Análisis y resultados 77 4.1 Técnica de análisis de resultados 77 4.2 Análisis de la encuesta 78 4.3 Técnica de análisis de la entrevista 81 4.4 Resultados 83 4.4.1 Triangulación 88 4.4.2 Confiabilidad y validez de los resultados 95 4.5 Propuesta para el diseño de la escuela de formación deportiva Instituto Caldas 96 4.5.1 Organización del proyecto 97 4.5.2 Deportes 98 4.5.3 Estructura organizacional de la escuela deportiva 99 4.5.4 Valores corporativos 100 4.5.5 Metodología de la propuesta 105 4.5.6 Planes de clase 117 Capítulo 5: Conclusiones y recomendaciones 122 5.1 Conclusiones 122 5.2 Recomendaciones 124 Bibliografía 125 Apéndices 135MaestríaThe present research: Proposal for the design of a sports school for soccer and volleyball for children and young people aged 6 to 14 years with a focus on constructivism, carried out between 2019 and 2020, aims to propose the design of a soccer and volleyball sports school related to a constructivist model, as a strategy for the free use of children and young people aged 6 to 14 years of the Caldas Institute. The methodology developed was based on a quantitative approach, non-experimental and descriptive design, based on the bibliographic search, the relevant concepts for the investigation are presented with theoretical contributions on constructivism, as a model in sports teaching, as well as the necessary topics and regulations for the implementation of a sports school, such as motivation, sports, the basic principles of sports practice, the importance of extracurricular activities, healthy habits and the use of free time. Axial categories were defined with which the interpretation was constructed in the light of the theory, where the related authors are retaken in both the theoretical and conceptual frameworks and the information that is the theoretical construction of the researchers is triangulated. It is concluded that the design of the sports school is a positive strategy for the use of free time and personal development, since the students in the interview expressed motivation to be part of it, emphasizing that they can improve interpersonal relationships, create links to strengthen teamwork and have a healthy coexistence with students from other grades. Similarly, the sports training school will allow students to have optimal physical, emotional, social and sports development

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Observation of four top quark production in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

International audienceThe observation of the production of four top quarks in proton-proton collisions is reported, based on a data sample collected by the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in 2016-2018 at the CERN LHC and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. Events with two same-sign, three, or four charged leptons (electrons and muons) and additional jets are analyzed. Compared to previous results in these channels, updated identification techniques for charged leptons and jets originating from the hadronization of b quarks, as well as a revised multivariate analysis strategy to distinguish the signal process from the main backgrounds, lead to an improved expected signal significance of 4.9 standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis. Four top quark production is observed with a significance of 5.6 standard deviations, and its cross section is measured to be 17.7$^{+3.7}_{-3.5}$ (stat) $^{+2.3}_{-1.9}$ (syst) fb, in agreement with the available standard model predictions

Observation of the rare decay of the η\eta meson to four muons

A search for the rare $\eta$$\to$$\mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-$ double-Dalitz decay is performed using a sample of proton-proton collisions, collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC with high-rate muon triggers in 2017-2018 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb$^{-1}$. A signal having a statistical significance well in excess of 5 standard deviations is observed. Using the \emm decay as normalization, the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}($η$\to \mu^+\mu^-\mu^+\mu^-)$ = ( 5.0 $\pm$ 0.8 (stat) $\pm$ 0.7 (syst) $\pm$ 0.7 $\mathcal{B}_{2\mu}$ ) $\times$ 10$^{-9}$ is measured, where the last term is the uncertainty in the normalization channel branching fraction. This is the first measurement of this branching fraction and is found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Search for new physics in multijet events with at least one photon and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV

A search for new physics in final states consisting of at least one photon, multiple jets, and large missing transverse momentum is presented, using proton-proton collision events at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC from 2016 to 2018. The events are divided into mutually exclusive bins characterized by the missing transverse momentum, the number of jets, the number of b-tagged jets, and jets consistent with the presence of hadronically decaying W, Z, or Higgs bosons. The observed data are found to be consistent with the prediction from standard model processes. The results are interpreted in the context of simplified models of pair production of supersymmetric particles via strong and electroweak interactions. Depending on the details of the signal models, gluinos and squarks of masses up to 2.35 and 1.43 TeV, respectively, and electroweakinos of masses up to 1.23 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level

Luminosity determination using Z boson production at the CMS experiment

International audienceThe measurement of Z boson production is presented as a method to determine the integrated luminosity of CMS data sets. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in 2017 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Events with Z bosons decaying into a pair of muons are selected. The total number of Z bosons produced in a fiducial volume is determined, together with the identification efficiencies and correlations from the same dataset, in small intervals of 2 pb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity, thus facilitating the efficiency and rate measurement as a function of time and instantaneous luminosity. Using the ratio of the efficiency-corrected numbers of Z bosons, the precisely measured integrated luminosity of one data set is used to determine the luminosity of another. For the first time, a full quantitative uncertainty analysis of the use of Z bosons for the integrated luminosity measurement is performed. The uncertainty in the extrapolation between two data sets, recorded in 2017 at low and high instantaneous luminosity, is less than 0.5%. We show that the Z boson rate measurement constitutes a precise method, complementary to traditional methods, with the potential to improve the measurement of the integrated luminosity

Search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons with lepton flavour conserving or violating decays to a jet and a charged lepton

International audienceA search for long-lived heavy neutral leptons (HNLs) is presented, which considers the hadronic final state and coupling scenarios involving all three lepton generations in the 2-20 GeV HNL mass range for the first time. Events comprising two leptons (electrons or muons) and jets are analyzed in a data sample of proton-proton collisions, recorded with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. A novel jet tagger, based on a deep neural network, has been developed to identify jets from an HNL decay using various features of the jet and its constituent particles. The network output can be used as a powerful discriminating tool to probe a broad range of HNL lifetimes and masses. Contributions from background processes are determined from data. No excess of events in data over the expected background is observed. Upper limits on the HNL production cross section are derived as functions of the HNL mass and the three coupling strengths $V_{\ell\mathrm{N}}$ to each lepton generation $\ell$ and presented as exclusion limits in the coupling-mass plane, as lower limits on the HNL lifetime, and on the HNL mass. In this search, the most stringent limit on the coupling strength is obtained for pure muon coupling scenarios; values of $\lvert V_{\mu\mathrm{N}}\rvert^{2}\gt$ 5 (4)$\times$10$^{-7}$ are excluded for Dirac (Majorana) HNLs with a mass of 10 GeV at a confidence level of 95% that correspond to proper decay lengths of 17 (10) mm

Search for baryon number violation in top quark production and decay using proton-proton collisions at s= \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A search is presented for baryon number violating interactions in top quark production and decay. The analysis uses data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. Candidate events are selected by requiring two oppositely-charged leptons (electrons or muons) and exactly one jet identified as originating from a bottom quark. Multivariate discriminants are used to separate the signal from the background. No significant deviation from the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are placed on the strength of baryon number violating couplings. For the first time the production of single top quarks via baryon number violating interactions is studied. This allows the search to set the most stringent constraints to date on the branching fraction of the top quark decay to a lepton, an up-type quark (u or c), and a down-type quark (d, s, or b). The results improve the previous bounds by three to six orders of magnitude based on the fermion flavor combination of the baryon number violating interactions.A search is presented for baryon number violating interactions in top quark production and decay. The analysis uses data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. Candidate events are selected by requiring two oppositely-charged leptons (electrons or muons) and exactly one jet identified as originating from a bottom quark. Multivariate discriminants are used to separate the signal from the background. No significant deviation from the standard model prediction is observed. Upper limits are placed on the strength of baryon number violating couplings. For the first time the production of single top quarks via baryon number violating interactions is studied. This allows the search to set the most stringent constraints to date on the branching fraction of the top quark decay to a lepton, an up-type quark (u or c), and a down-type quark (d, s, or b). The results improve the previous bounds by three to six orders of magnitude based on the fermion flavor combination of the baryon number violating interactions

Measurement of energy correlators inside jets and determination of the strong coupling αS(mZ) \alpha_\mathrm{S} (m_\mathrm{Z})

Energy correlators that describe energy-weighted distances between two or three particles in a jet are measured using an event sample of $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb$^{-1}$. The measured distributions reveal two key features of the strong interaction: confinement and asymptotic freedom. By comparing the ratio of the two measured distributions with theoretical calculations that resum collinear emissions at approximate next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to a next-to-leading order calculation, the strong coupling is determined at the Z boson mass: $\alpha_\mathrm{S} (m_\mathrm{Z}) =$ 0.1229 $^{+0.0040}_{-0.0050}$, the most precise $\alpha_\mathrm{S} (m_\mathrm{Z})$ value obtained using jet substructure observables.Energy correlators that describe energy-weighted distances between two or three particles in a jet are measured using an event sample of $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb$^{-1}$. The measured distributions reveal two key features of the strong interaction: confinement and asymptotic freedom. By comparing the ratio of the two measured distributions with theoretical calculations that resum collinear emissions at approximate next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to a next-to-leading order calculation, the strong coupling is determined at the Z boson mass: $\alpha_\mathrm{S}(m_\mathrm{Z})$ = 0.1229$^{+0.0040}_{-0.0050}$, the most precise $\alpha_\mathrm{S}(m_\mathrm{Z})$ value obtained using jet substructure observables