Language tutors at the OUUK – their (e)-competencies in Open and Distance Learning

The OUUK has been teaching distance courses in languages for more than ten years. Students learn by means of specially-designed course materials, increasingly web-based resources and through direct interaction with tutors, who provide personalised feedback on the students’ assignments as well as offering tutorials for communicative practice. The role of OUUK tutors embraces, however, more than just teaching and giving feedback. They play a central role in supporting students in every aspect of their learning, forming the interface between the institution and the learner. The importance of the tutor role in ODL in general has been the subject of some informative research, but much less has been written about the skills needed by tutors of languages at a distance. This international research project has been set up to address this shortfall, and to gather evidence and insights into this particular role. The project aims to investigate the skills, attributes and (e-)competencies required by language tutors of whom a substantial number deliver the tuition online. Initially, a selected group of OUUK language tutors generated what they perceived to be the knowledge, skills and attributes necessary to carry out this complex and demanding role which included the requisite skills for online tuition delivery. In the next stage the outcomes they had produced were refined and regrouped by the researchers. In the third stage a wider sample of tutors commented and added to the listings. This paper will report on the findings so far and summarise the next stages which are planned

Organization of the mitochondrial genomes of whiteflies, aphids, and psyllids (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha)

BACKGROUND: With some exceptions, mitochondria within the class Insecta have the same gene content, and generally, a similar gene order allowing the proposal of an ancestral gene order. The principal exceptions are several orders within the Hemipteroid assemblage including the order Thysanoptera, a sister group of the order Hemiptera. Within the Hemiptera, there are available a number of completely sequenced mitochondrial genomes that have a gene order similar to that of the proposed ancestor. None, however, are available from the suborder Sternorryncha that includes whiteflies, psyllids and aphids. RESULTS: We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genomes of six species of whiteflies, one psyllid and one aphid. Two species of whiteflies, one psyllid and one aphid have mitochondrial genomes with a gene order very similar to that of the proposed insect ancestor. The remaining four species of whiteflies had variations in the gene order. In all cases, there was the excision of a DNA fragment encoding for cytochrome oxidase subunit III(COIII)-tRNA(gly)-NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3(ND3)-tRNA(ala)-tRNA(arg)-tRNA(asn )from the ancestral position between genes for ATP synthase subunit 6 and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5. Based on the position in which all or part of this fragment was inserted, the mitochondria could be subdivided into four different gene arrangement types. PCR amplification spanning from COIII to genes outside the inserted region and sequence determination of the resulting fragments, indicated that different whitefly species could be placed into one of these arrangement types. A phylogenetic analysis of 19 whitefly species based on genes for mitochondrial cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, and 16S ribosomal DNA as well as cospeciating endosymbiont 16S and 23S ribosomal DNA indicated a clustering of species that corresponded to the gene arrangement types. CONCLUSIONS: In whiteflies, the region of the mitochondrial genome consisting of genes encoding for COIII-tRNA(gly)-ND3-tRNA(ala)-tRNA(arg)-tRNA(asn )can be transposed from its ancestral position to four different locations on the mitochondrial genome. Related species within clusters established by phylogenetic analysis of host and endosymbiont genes have the same mitochondrial gene arrangement indicating a transposition in the ancestor of these clusters

Creating a center for global health at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Globalization, migration, and widespread health disparities call for interdisciplinary approaches to improve health care at home and abroad. Health professions students are pursuing study abroad in increasing numbers, and universities are responding with programs to address these needs. The University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison schools of medicine and public health, nursing, pharmacy, veterinary medicine, and the division of international studies have created an interdisciplinary center for global health (CGH). The CGH provides health professions and graduate students with courses, field experiences, and a new Certificate in Global Health. Educational programs have catalyzed a network of enthusiastic UW global health scholars. Partnerships with colleagues in less economically developed countries provide the foundation for education, research, and service programs. Participants have collaborated to improve the education of health professionals and nutrition in Uganda; explore the interplay between culture, community development, and health in Ecuador; improve animal health and address domestic violence in Mexico; and examine successful public health efforts in Thailand. These programs supply students with opportunities to understand the complex determinants of health and structure of health systems, develop adaptability and cross-cultural communication skills, experience learning and working in interdisciplinary teams, and promote equity and reduce health disparities at home and abroad. Based on the principles of equity, sustainability, and reciprocity, the CGH provides a strong foundation to address global health challenges through networking and collaboration among students, staff, and faculty within the UW and beyond

Neonatal predictors of cognitive ability in adults born very preterm : a prospective cohort study

Aim: To identify neonatal predictors to allow a developmental prognosis of the cognitive abilities of survivors born very preterm/very low birthweight (VLBW) into adult life. Method: The Bavarian Longitudinal Study is a prospective whole-population study that followed 260 infants born very preterm/VLBW from birth to adulthood. Regression analyses examined which neonatal factors predicted adult IQ. Results: Neonatal morbidity, neonatal treatment, and early social environment of infants born very preterm/VLBW explained 37.6% of the variance in adult IQ. Seven unique early-life predictors of lower adulthood IQ were found: respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage, problems with mobility, mechanical ventilation, less parenteral nutrition, low/middle socioeconomic status, and poor early parent–infant relationships. Specifically, modifiable factors such as mechanical ventilation predicted a drop of 0.43 IQ points for each day of treatment, adjusted for initial respiratory problems. Good early parent–infant relationships predicted an approximately 5-point increase in adult IQ, adjusted for other significant predictors such as socioeconomic status. Interpretation: Mechanical ventilation, parenteral feeding, and early parenting were identified as significant modifiable factors that were strongly related to adult IQ. Mechanical ventilation policies have changed but there is scope for early interventions that focus on positive parenting, which may reduce the adverse effects of very preterm/VLBW birth on cognitive abilities

Attention problems in very preterm children from childhood to adulthood : the Bavarian longitudinal study

Background: Very preterm (VP; gestational age <32 weeks) and very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 grams) is related to attention problems in childhood and adulthood. The stability of these problems into adulthood is not known. Methods: The Bavarian Longitudinal Study is a prospective cohort study that followed 260 VP/VLBW and 229 term-born individuals from birth to adulthood. Data on attention were collected at 6, 8, and 26 years of age, using parent reports, expert behavior observations, and clinical ADHD diagnoses. Results: At each assessment, VP/VLBW individuals had significantly more attention problems, shorter attention span, and were more frequently diagnosed with ADHD than term-born comparisons. In both VP/VLBW and term-born individuals, overall, attention span increased and attention problems decreased from childhood to adulthood. Attention problems and attention span were more stable over time for VP/VLBW than term-born individuals. Similarly, ADHD diagnoses showed moderate stability from childhood to adulthood in VP/VLBW, but not in term-born individuals. However, when those with severe disabilities were excluded, differences between VP/VLBW and term-born individuals reduced. Conclusions: Despite improvement in attention regulation from childhood to adulthood, children born very preterm remained at increased risk for attention problems in adulthood. In contrast, term-born children with clinical attention problems outgrew these by adulthood. As inattentive behavior of VP/VLBW children may be overlooked by teachers, it may be necessary to raise awareness for school intervention programs that reduce attention problems in VP/VLBW children

Associations between Work Intensification, Stress and Job Satisfaction : The Case of Nurses in Ontario

Health sector reform of the 1990s affected most health care workers in Ontario and in other provinces. As a result of organizational changes, many workers experienced work intensification. This paper examines the associations between work intensification, stress and job satisfaction focusing on nurses in three teaching hospitals in Ontario. Data come from our 2002 survey of 949 nurses who worked in their employing hospital since the early 1990s when the health sector reform era began. Results show that nurses feel their work has intensified since the health sector reform of the 1990s, and work intensification contributed to increased stress and decreased job satisfaction. Results provide empirical support to the literature which suggests that work intensification has an adverse effect on workers’ health and well-being, and work attitudes.Les changements organisationnels apportés dans les années 80 et 90 ont contribué à l’intensification du travail dans les pays industrialisés (Green, 2004; Lapido et Wilkinson, 2002). Des recherches effectuées dans des pays européens et sept pays membres de l’OCDE démontrent que la satisfaction au travail est stable ou en déclin (Clark, 2005) et que l’intensification du travail est l’un des facteurs contribuant au déclin de la satisfaction au travail (Green et Tsitsianis, 2005). Au Canada, aucune étude ne s’est intéressée au lien entre la satisfaction au travail et l’intensification du travail. Toutefois, deux récents sondages indiquent qu’un travailleur canadien sur dix n’est pas satisfait au travail (Catlin, 2001; WES Compendium, 2001).Les changements organisationnels constituent communément une source d’intensification du travail (Green, 2004). Les organisations du secteur de la santé ont subit de nombreux changements organisationnels depuis le début des années 90 (CHSRF, 2000). Le personnel infirmier a été très affecté par les réformes du secteur de la santé. Plusieurs infirmières et infirmiers ont été mis à pied et le personnel restant a dû mettre les bouchées doubles pour prendre en charge le surplus de travail occasionné par ces départs involontaires (O’Brien-Pallas et al., 2004). Les réformes du secteur de la santé reposant sur de petits budgets peuvent avoir de lourdes conséquences pour le personnel : leur travail peut s’intensifier, devenir plus exigeant et stressant (Wetzel, 2005a), amenant une baisse de la satisfaction au travail.L’objectif de cette étude est d’examiner le lien entre l’intensification du travail, le stress et la satisfaction au travail. Notre étude contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en gestion des ressources humaines en examinant l’une des conséquences de la réforme du secteur de la santé, c’est-à-dire l’intensification du travail, sur la santé et le bien-être du personnel infirmier et sur son attitude envers son emploi. Dans un contexte de pénurie de main-d’oeuvre dans le secteur de la santé et d’un besoin grandissant de services infirmiers, notre étude porte précisément sur la satisfaction au travail des infirmières et infirmiers et est ainsi importante et d’actualité. Les données de cette étude ont été recueillies auprès de 949 infirmières et infirmiers déjà en emploi avant l’implantation de la réforme du secteur de la santé travaillant dans trois hôpitaux universitaires de l’Ontario. Toutes les infirmières et infirmiers de ces établissements ont été sélectionnés pour l’étude. Au total, 1 396 d’entre eux ont participé à l’étude, représentant un taux de réponse de 52 %. Le New Health Care Worker Questionnaire (des auteurs) est l’outil ayant servi à amasser les données. La variable dépendante, la satisfaction au travail, a été mesurée à partir du Spector’s 1985 Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) (1997). Les deux sous-échelles sont la satisfaction liée aux avantages pécuniaires et la satisfaction liée à l’emploi et à l’environnement de travail. L’intensification du travail est la variable indépendante de notre étude. Il n’y pas d’outil mesurant l’intensification du travail faisant consensus (Burchell, 2002; Green, 2004). Nous avons utilisé dans cette étude un outil mesurant la perception d’une intensification du travail que nous avons nous-mêmes développé. Cet outil stipule l’énoncé suivant : « Il y a eu plusieurs changements dans le système de santé depuis le début des années 90. En comparant le temps présent et le début des années 90, veuillez indiquer votre accord ou désaccord avec chacun des énoncés ». Les énoncés sont : « mon travail s’est intensifié; ma charge de travail a augmenté; les infirmières et infirmiers doivent traiter plus de patients par quart de travail; je fais de plus en plus de travail pour lequel je ne reçois pas de rémunération; il y a moins de leaders parmi le personnel infirmier; et la complexité des cas à traiter a augmenté ». Les réponses ont été recueillies à partir d’une échelle de type Likert à cinq niveaux allant de 1 : « je suis tout à fait en désaccord », à 5 : « je suis tout à fait en accord » et les résultats ont été additionnés pour créer l’échelle mesurant l’intensification du travail. Nous avons effectué une analyse factorielle utilisant la méthode d’extraction de l’analyse de la composante principale (Principal Component Analysis). Une composante principale fut extraite. L’échelle de mesure de l’intensification du travail démontre une forte fiabilité de l’outil grâce à un alpha de Cronbach de 0,80 (voir le tableau 1 de l’article). Pour ce qui est de la cohérence externe de l’outil de mesure, notre échantillon est comparable à celui d’autres études qui ont trouvé une intensification plus grande du travail dans le secteur de la santé et des services sociaux (Boisard et al., 2003b), pour les femmes (Burchell et Fagan, 2002) et pour les travailleurs du secteur public (Green, 2004). Le Symptoms of Stress Scale (Denton et al., 2002b) est la variable modératrice dans cette étude.Les résultats démontrent que le personnel infirmier est dans une certaine mesure satisfait des avantages pécuniaires (M = 33,7; S.D. = 6,5) et modérément satisfait de son emploi et de son environnement de travail (M = 76,6; S.D. = 11,1). Il existe une perception généralisée que le travail s’est intensifié durant la dernière décennie (M = 24,2; S.D. = 3,9) et le personnel infirmier se sent stressé (M = 32,5; S.D. = 7,9). En contrôlant la satisfaction à l’égard des avantages pécuniaires, l’intensification du travail et le stress sont significativement et négativement corrélés (–0,343; p ≥ .01 et –0,502; p ≥ .01, respectivement). Le modèle global (voir le tableau 3, colonne 4 de l’article) démontre que le stress est significativement et négativement associé à la satisfaction liée aux avantages pécuniaires et que le stress a un effet modérateur partiel sur l’intensification du travail. Le modèle de la satisfaction liée aux avantages pécuniaires est sain, expliquant 29 % de la variance. Tel que présenté, dans le modèle global (tableau 4, colonne 4 de l’article), le stress a un effet modérateur sur l’intensification du travail en relation avec la satisfaction liée à l’emploi et à l’environnement de travail. Il est intéressant de noter que notre modèle de la satisfaction liée à l’emploi et à l’environnement de travail explique à lui seul près de 68 % de la variance totale.Notre étude confirme les prédictions de Wetzel (2005a) quant au personnel infirmier et démontre que la perception de l’intensification du travail est un facteur significatif contribuant à augmenter le niveau de stress chez les infirmières et infirmiers. Ce stress, en retour, affecte négativement leur satisfaction au travail. Considérant que l’attraction et la rétention du personnel travaillant dans le secteur de la santé est le défi le plus important posé aux gestionnaires du système de santé canadien, nos résultats sont importants. Ils expliquent pourquoi le personnel infirmier se sent stressé et comment ce stress contribue à diminuer leur satisfaction au travail. Nous recommandons fortement aux décideurs de tous les niveaux, et en particulier à ceux qui élaborent les politiques, de porter une attention particulière aux effets à long terme occasionnés par les décisions stratégiques qu’ils prennent concernant leurs personnels.La reforma del sector de salud de los años 1990 afectó la mayoría de los trabajadores de la salud en Ontario y otras provincias. Como resultado de los cambios organizacionales, muchos trabajadores experimentaron intensificación del trabajo. Este documento examina las asociaciones entre intensificación del trabajo, estrés y satisfacción del trabajo focalizando la situación de las enfermeras en tres hospitales de enseñanza en Ontario. Los datos provienen de nuestra encuesta administrada en 2002 a 949 enfermeras que trabajaban en esos hospitales desde los comienzos de los años 90 cuando la reforma del sector salud comenzaba. Los resultados muestran que las enfermeras sienten que su trabajo se ha intensificado con la reforma del sector de los años 1990 y que la intensificación del trabajo contribuye a incrementar el estrés y disminuir la satisfacción del trabajo. Los resultados proveen soporte empírico a la literatura que sugiere que la intensificación del trabajo tiene un efecto adverso en la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores y en las actitudes en el trabajo

Hybrid Energy Storage and Hydrogen Supply Based on Aluminum—a Multiservice Case for Electric Mobility and Energy Storage Services

The realization of a fully decarbonized mobility and energy system requires the availability of carbon-free electricity and fuels which can be ensured only by cost-efficient and sustainable energy storage technologies. In line with this demand, a techno-economic evaluation of aluminum as a cross-sectoral renewable energy carrier is conducted. The assessment, based on a newly developed process, involves the wet combustion of Aluminum at 700 degrees C resulting in heat and hydrogen (H-2) generation. The designed conversion plant enables the contemporaneous generation of electricity and on demand H-2 (up to 4 MW and 46.8 kg h(-1)) with round-trip efficiencies as high as 40.7% and full recycling of the Al2O3 waste. This study, assuming the carbon-free production of Al and three different energy cost scenarios, proves the feasibility of the e-fueling station business case. The overall energy conversion including fuel production (power-to-Al), utilization (Al-to-power and Al-to-H-2), and recycling requires a capital investment of 5200 euro per kW installed power without additional primary material demand. Hence, the estimated power-to-X cost for the Al-based H-2 is estimated in the range of 4.2-9.6 euro kg(-1) H-2, while wind and solar power based green H-2 production cost varies from 6.5 to 12.1 euro kg(-1) H-2

UNCAN.eu: Toward a European Federated Cancer Research Data Hub

Data; Research; CancerDades; Recerca; CàncerDatos; Investigación; CáncerTo enable a collective effort that generates a new level of UNderstanding CANcer (UNCAN.eu) [Cancer Discov (2022) 12 (11): OF1], the European Union supports the creation of a sustainable platform that connects cancer research across Member States. A workshop hosted in Heidelberg gathered European cancer experts to identify ongoing initiatives that may contribute to building this platform and discuss the governance and long-term evolution of a European Federated Cancer Data Hub

Forced sexual experiences as risk factor for self-reported HIV infection among southern African lesbian and bisexual women

Even though women who have sex with women are usually understood to be at no or very low risk for HIV infection, we explored whether lesbian and bisexual women in a geographical area with high HIV prevalence (Southern Africa) get tested for HIV and whether, among those women who get tested, there are women who live with HIV/AIDS. The study was conducted in collaboration with community-based organizations in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Data were collected via written surveys of women who in the preceding year had had sex with a woman (18 years and older; N = 591). Most participating women identified as lesbian and black. Almost half of the women (47.2%) reported ever having had consensual heterosexual sex. Engagement in transactional sex (lifetime) was reported by 18.6% of all women. Forced sex by men or women was reported by 31.1% of all women. A large proportion of the women reported to ever have been tested for HIV (78.3%); number of lifetime female and male partners was independently associated with having been tested; women who had engaged in transactional sex with women only or with women and men were less likely to have been tested. Self-reported HIV prevalence among tested women who knew their serostatus was 9.6%. Besides age, the sole independent predictor of a positive serostatus was having experienced forced sex by men, by women, or by both men and women. Study findings indicate that despite the image of invulnerability, HIV/AIDS is a reality for lesbian and bisexual women in Southern Africa. Surprisingly, it is not sex with men per se, but rather forced sex that is the important risk factor for self-reported HIV infection among the participating women. HIV/AIDS policy should also address the needs of lesbian, bisexual and other women who have sex with women