Os desafios encontrados no acesso à informação digital por pessoas com deficiência visual

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Estudos Sociais Aplicados, Departamento de Ciência da Informação e Documentação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, 2017.Esta pesquisa apresenta estudo sobre a interação entre a pessoa com deficiência visual e a informação no ambiente digital. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é identificar os desafios de acesso à informação enfrentados por pessoas com deficiência visual na interação com os ambientes informacionais digitais. Pesquisas nessa temática dentro do campo da Ciência da Informação como as de Caselli (2007), Corradi (2007), Malheiros (2009, 2013), Rocha (2013) e Silva (2010) têm demonstrando que os processos de geração, tratamento e disseminação da informação devem ser focados no usuário utilizando os sistemas, permitindo a criação de interfaces favoráveis ao acesso e ao uso de conteúdos informacionais digitais. O estudo é de cunho descritivo e segue a alegação de conhecimento de concepção filosófica pragmática, utilizando como abordagem metodológica o método misto, por meio do método de pesquisa levantamento com a técnica de entrevista, utilizando como instrumento o roteiro semiestruturado, para coletar dados sobre o público-alvo e suas características. Pré-testes foram realizados para aprimorar o instrumento de coleta de dados e enriquecer os objetivos pretendidos. A amostra da pesquisa foi composta por alunos que frequentam as aulas de digitação do Centro de Ensino Especial de Deficientes Visuais (CEEDV) e funcionários da instituição, ambos com deficiência visual, e usuários e funcionários, ambos com deficiência visual, da Biblioteca Braille Dorina Nowill. A coleta de dados foi realizada junto a 32 pessoas do CEEDV no período de 08 de maio a 27 de junho de 2017 e com 20 pessoas do público da Biblioteca Braille no período de 26 de julho a 08 de setembro de 2017. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que são diversificadas as necessidades da informação dos usuários estudados. Elas se modificam conforme as atividades que os usuários desenvolvem e conforme seus objetivos pessoais, não havendo diferenciação deles para usuários que não tem perda da visão, porém tornam-se mais amplas conforme a pessoa com deficiência visual precise de um atendimento próprio em relação ao acesso à informação, pois o suporte informacional e os recursos digitais utilizados para obter acesso devem ser apropriados. A inserção dos recursos digitais na vida da pessoa com deficiência visual possibilitou ter acesso a mais informações, de maneira rápida e atualizada com independência e autonomia. Por outro lado, as seguintes dificuldades de acesso também foram identificadas: falta de acessibilidade nas páginas web, falta de compatibilidade entre softwares, falta de conhecimento e experiência dos usuários no uso dos recursos digitais e da Internet; e falta de conscientização e empenho de desenvolvedores no envolvimento e consideração aos usuários com deficiência ao implementar recursos de acessibilidade. Portanto, constata-se a importância do acesso à informação digital na vida da pessoa com deficiência visual, entretanto diversas barreiras de acesso ainda são impostas, impedindo que os usuários com deficiência visual alcancem de forma plena a informação desejada, demonstrando a importância de se conhecer as suas especificidades e demandas para que a informação no ambiente digital se torne cada vez mais acessível e inclusiva.The rearch presents a study about the interaction between the visually impaired person and the information in the digital environment. The general objective of the research is to identify the challenges of access to information faced by people with visual impairment in the interaction with digital information environments. Researches in this area within the field of Information Science, such as those of Caselli (2007), Corradi (2007), Malheiros (2009, 2013), Rocha (2013) and Silva (2010) have demonstrated that the processes of generation, treatment and dissemination of the information must be focused in the use of the systems by the user, allowing the creation of interfaces favorable to the access and use of digital information contents. The study is descriptive and follows the claim of knowledge of pragmatic philosophical conception, using as methodological approach the mixed method, through the survey research method with the interview technique, using as instrument the semistructured script, to collect data on the target audience and its characteristics. Pre-tests were performed to improve the instrument of data collection and enrich the intended objectives. The research sample consisted of students attending the classes of the Special Education Center for the Visually Impaired (CEEDV) and staff members of the institution, both visually impaired, and users and employees of the Braille Library Dorina Nowill, both visually impaired, too. Data collection was carried out with 32 people from CEEDV from May 8 to June 27, 2017 and with 20 people from the Braille Library public from July 26 to September 8, 2017. The results of the research showed that the information needs of the studied users are diversified. They change according to the activities they develop and their personal goals, not differentiating them for users who did not have vision loss, but become broader as the visually impaired person needs their own care regarding access to information, because the informational support and digital resources used to gain access must be appropriate. The insertion of the digital resources in the life of the visually impaired person allowed them access to more information, in a fast and updated way, with independence and autonomy. On the other hand, the following access difficulties were also identified: lack of accessibility in web pages, lack of compatibility between software, lack of knowledge and experience of users in the use of digital resources and the Internet; and lack of awareness and commitment of developers in involving and considering users with disabilities when implementing accessibility features. Therefore, the importance of access to digital information in the life of the visually impaired person is verified that, however, several access barriers are still imposed, preventing visually impaired users from fully reaching the desired information, demonstrating the importance of knowing oneself their specificities and demands so that the information in the digital environment becomes increasingly accessible and inclusive

The terminology in the study of user information

Aborda o resultado de um estudo exploratório de conceitos/termos do Grupo de Pesquisa Informação, Design e Usabilidade (IDU), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação (PPGCinf), da Universidade de Brasília (UnB), na tentativa de definir uma nomenclatura interdisciplinar. A terminologia visa uma melhor comunicação, para o estudo do usuário da informação e a sua interação com os instrumentos tecnológicos na mediação e comunicação da informação. Apresenta terminologias utilizadas nos estudos de usuários da informação, com deficiência visual, da primeira infância e de interfaces de sistemas de informação. A pesquisa classifica-se de natureza aplicada, com abordagem qualitativa e em relação ao seu objetivo, exploratória. Conclui com uma identificação de uma terminologia comum dentro de um grupo interdisciplinar, que incorpora contribuições da Ciência da Informação, Artes, Comunicação, Psicologia Cognitiva, Educação, Computação e áreas afins, na busca de estratégias para uma melhor comunicação no exercício da pesquisa conjunta e colaborativa. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIt an exploratory study of concepts/terms to define an interdisciplinary nomenclature of a research group of Information, Design, and Usability (IDU), of the Postgraduate Program of Information Science (PPGCinf), of the University of Brasilia (UnB). The IDU Group research through collaborative work about users and their interaction with interfaces for communicating and mediating the information. The proposal incorporates interdisciplinary contributions of Information Science, Arts, Design, Communication, Cognitive Psychology, Computer Science, Education and related areas. The terminology is intended to better communication for the user study of information and its interaction with the technological tools in mediation and communication of information. Presents terminology used in studies of information users, users with visual disabilities, early childhood and interfaces of information systems. Concludes with an identification of a common terminology within an interdisciplinary group, which incorporates contributions of Information Science, Arts, Communication, Cognitive Psychology, Education, Computer and related areas, in search of strategies for better communication in the course of joint and collaborative research. _____________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENAborda el resultado de un estudio exploratório de conceptos/términos del Grupo de Investigación Información, Design y Usabilidade (IDU), del Programa de Postgrado en Ciencia de la Información (PPGCinf), de la Universidad de Brasilia (UnB), en la tentativa de definir una nomenclatura interdisciplinar. La terminología visa una mejor comunicación, para el estudio del usuario de la información y su interacción con los instrumentos tecnológicos en la mediación y comunicación de la información. Presenta terminologías utilizadas en los estudios de usuarios de la información, con deficiencia visual, de la primera infancia y de interfaces de sistemas de información. La investigación se clasifica de naturaleza aplicada, con abordaje cualitativo y en relación a su objetivo, exploratória. Concluye con una identificación de una terminología común dentro de un grupo interdisciplinar, que incorpora contribuciones de la Ciencia de la Información, Artes, Comunicación, Psicología Cognitiva, Educación, Computación y áreas afines, en la búsqueda de estrategias para una mejor comunicación en el ejercicio de la investigación conjunta y colaborativa

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Association of Country Income Level With the Characteristics and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients Hospitalized With Acute Kidney Injury and COVID-19

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been identified as one of the most common and significant problems in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. However, studies examining the relationship between COVID-19 and AKI in low- and low-middle income countries (LLMIC) are lacking. Given that AKI is known to carry a higher mortality rate in these countries, it is important to understand differences in this population. Methods: This prospective, observational study examines the AKI incidence and characteristics of 32,210 patients with COVID-19 from 49 countries across all income levels who were admitted to an intensive care unit during their hospital stay. Results: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit, AKI incidence was highest in patients in LLMIC, followed by patients in upper-middle income countries (UMIC) and high-income countries (HIC) (53%, 38%, and 30%, respectively), whereas dialysis rates were lowest among patients with AKI from LLMIC and highest among those from HIC (27% vs. 45%). Patients with AKI in LLMIC had the largest proportion of community-acquired AKI (CA-AKI) and highest rate of in-hospital death (79% vs. 54% in HIC and 66% in UMIC). The association between AKI, being from LLMIC and in-hospital death persisted even after adjusting for disease severity. Conclusions: AKI is a particularly devastating complication of COVID-19 among patients from poorer nations where the gaps in accessibility and quality of healthcare delivery have a major impact on patient outcomes

Thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications of COVID-19 in adults hospitalized in high-income countries compared with those in adults hospitalized in low- and middle-income countries in an international registry

Background: COVID-19 has been associated with a broad range of thromboembolic, ischemic, and hemorrhagic complications (coagulopathy complications). Most studies have focused on patients with severe disease from high-income countries (HICs). Objectives: The main aims were to compare the frequency of coagulopathy complications in developing countries (low- and middle-income countries [LMICs]) with those in HICs, delineate the frequency across a range of treatment levels, and determine associations with in-hospital mortality. Methods: Adult patients enrolled in an observational, multinational registry, the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections COVID-19 study, between January 1, 2020, and September 15, 2021, met inclusion criteria, including admission to a hospital for laboratory-confirmed, acute COVID-19 and data on complications and survival. The advanced-treatment cohort received care, such as admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or inotropes or vasopressors; the basic-treatment cohort did not receive any of these interventions. Results: The study population included 495,682 patients from 52 countries, with 63% from LMICs and 85% in the basic treatment cohort. The frequency of coagulopathy complications was higher in HICs (0.76%-3.4%) than in LMICs (0.09%-1.22%). Complications were more frequent in the advanced-treatment cohort than in the basic-treatment cohort. Coagulopathy complications were associated with increased in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.52-1.64). The increased mortality associated with these complications was higher in LMICs (58.5%) than in HICs (35.4%). After controlling for coagulopathy complications, treatment intensity, and multiple other factors, the mortality was higher among patients in LMICs than among patients in HICs (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39-1.51). Conclusion: In a large, international registry of patients hospitalized for COVID-19, coagulopathy complications were more frequent in HICs than in LMICs (developing countries). Increased mortality associated with coagulopathy complications was of a greater magnitude among patients in LMICs. Additional research is needed regarding timely diagnosis of and intervention for coagulation derangements associated with COVID-19, particularly for limited-resource settings