Stille getuigen?: Over de dynamiek van forensische sporen

Na een misdrijf blijven sporen achter die kunnen helpen bij het opsporen van personen en het reconstrueren van de gebeurtenissen. Deze stille getuigen spelen een steeds belangrijkere rol in het strafrechtelijk onderzoek. Maar hoe vinden we die vaak onzichtbare sporen? En hoe zorgen we dat we ze niet kwijtraken tijdens het verzamelen en onderzoeken daarvan

PLATE 9 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 9. Chondrina spec. (material in RMNH, unless stated otherwise). A–C, C. farinesii. A1–2, Spain, Cuenca, Ciudad Encantada, 1000 m alt. (RMNH 109434); B1-2, Spain, Tarragona, Llaveria (6.8 km SSE of Falset), entrance cueva del Ramé (RMNH 109859, C. unidentata Altimira, lectotype); C, France, Pyrénées-Orientales, La Preste (type locality). D, C. aguilari, Spain, Lérida, Congost de Collegats. E–J, C. m. massotiana. E1–2, Spain, Huesca, Linas de Broto; F1–2, Spain, Lérida, Torres; G1–2, Andorra, Sant Juliá de Lória–Andorra la Vella; H1–2, Andorra, Sant Juliá de Lória (MHNG 13160, lectotype); I, Spain, Lérida, Garganta de Orgañá; J, Andorra, Sant Juliá de Lória (MHNG 13190, lectotype of Pupa penchinatiana). K–N, C. massotiana sexplicata, Spain, Lérida. K, Figuerola de Orcau (SMF 43777, syntype of Pupa ilerdensis, from restricted type locality); L, Port d'Ager (RMNH 54872, lectotype of C. pulchella agerensis); M, Congost d'Erinyá (RMNH 54874, lectotype of C. pulchella bofilliana); N, Port d'Ager (RMNH 54875, lectotype of C. pulchella montsiciana).Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

Granopupa O. Boettger 1889

<i>Granopupa</i> O. Boettger, 1889 <p> Type species (by monotypy): <i>Pupa</i> <i>granum</i> Draparnaud, 1801.</p> <p> Notes.—Only a single <i>Granopupa</i> species is actually recognized. According to molecular analyses (Kokshoorn 2008: 21–40) it takes a basal position in the Granariinae. See also the notes with <i>Granaria</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

PLATE 10 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 10. Chondrina spec. (material in RMNH, unless stated otherwise). A–D, C. dertosensis, Spain, Tarragona. A1– 2, Hospitalet, Pratdip, 340 m alt.; B1–2, Sierrra de Cardó (MCNB 89-8530, lectotype); C, Montreal (RMNH 54896, lectotype of C. jumillensis montrealensis); D, Cardó. E, C. arigonoides sp. nov., Spain, Alicante, SW of Denia, Marquesa, 173 m alt. (RMNH 109861, holotype). F1-2, C. arigonis, Morocco, S of Berkane, Taforhalt (= Taforalt). G1–2, C. soleri, Spain, Barcelona, Sant Llorenc del Munt, entrance cave Simanya, 900 m alt. (RMNH 111877, lectotype). H–J, C. aguilari, Spain. H, Huesca, 32 km ENE of Basbastro, E Benabarre (RMNH 109437); I–J, Lérida, Congost d'Erinyá; I, (RMNH 54873, lectotype); J1-2, ditto (RMNH54879, paralectotype).Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

PLATE 2 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 2. Abida secale subspec. (material in RMNH). A–C, A. s. andorrensis. A, Andorra, Xixerella, 1,600 m alt.; B, Andorra, Santa Juliá de Lória, 950 m alt.; C, Spain, Lérida, Nargó–Valldarques. D–F A. s. andorrensis × A. s. tuxensis; D, Spain, Lérida, Coll de Nargó–Orgaña; E–F, Spain, Lérida, Coll de Nargó–Valldarques. G–K, A. s. tuxensis, Spain,Lérida. G, Els Castells, 1,300 m alt.; H–I, Tuxent (type locality); J, Montsech; K, Congost d'Orgaña.Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

PLATE 13 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 13. Rupestrella and Chondrina spec. (material in RMNH, unless stated otherwise). A1–2, R. philippii (Cantraine, 1840), either Italy, Toscana, Livorno, or Hrvatska, Zadar (= Zara) (RMNH 111874, lectotype, design. nov.). B–C, C. amphorula, Russia, Daghestan, Riykol gorge, 2 km W of Habaz (Colln W.J.M. Maassen). D, C. arcadica caucasica, Russia, Daghestan, Riykol gorge, 2 km W of Habaz (sympatric with C. amphorula) (Colln W.J.M. Maassen). E–G, C. maginensis, Spain, Jaén, Sierra de Magina, Abanchez de Magina. H1–2, C. pseudavenacea spec. nov., Spain, Alicante, Calp, Morro de Toix (RMNH 109867, holotype).Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 57, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

Granariinae Kokshoorn & Gittenberger 2010, subfam. nov.

Granariinae subfam. nov. <p> Type genus: <i>Granaria</i> F. Held, 1837.</p> <p> Additional genera: <i>Granopupa</i> O. Boettger, 1889, and <i>Solatopupa</i> H.A. Pilsbry, 1917.</p> <p>Diagnosis and differentiation.—In shells with prominent apertural folds, a single, clearly most prominent, palatal fold is diagnostic for taxa of the Granariinae, whereas two main palatal folds characterize taxa of Chondrininae. In both subfamilies however, these folds may be partially or completely reduced in certain taxa, most noticeably in species occurring on exposed rockfaces.</p> <p>The genital tract is characterized by a relatively long pedunculus and a prominent flagellum in the Granariinae, versus a short pedunculus and an obsolete or missing flagellum in the Chondrininae.</p> <p> Notes.—This subfamily is rather poor in terminal taxa as compared to the Chondrininae. A mere 22 species and subspecies are currently recognized, versus over 100 in the Chondrininae. The oldest fossils known for the Chondrinidae have the <i>Granaria</i> bauplan, as is exemplified by <i>Granaria bythiniformis</i> (Miller, 1907) and <i>Granaria multicostulata</i> (Gutzwiller, 1905), both from the Eocene. In fact, all presently known fossils of pre-Pleistocene age are classified with <i>Granaria</i>. This is in striking contrast with what is known for the Chondrininae, where the oldest fossils are from the late Pleistocene (Kokshoorn 2008: 31).See also the notes with <i>Granopupa</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

Reporting on forensic biology findings given activity level issues in the Netherlands

There appears to be some hesitation within the forensic biology community to formally evaluate and report on findings given activity level propositions. This hesitance in part stems from concerns about the lack of relevant data on the dynamics of biological traces and doubt about the relevance of such expert opinions to the trier of fact. At the Netherlands Forensic Institute formal evaluative opinions on the probability of case findings given propositions at the activity level are provided since 2013, if requested by a mandating authority. In this study we share the results from a retrospective analysis of 74 of such requests. We explore which party initiates requests, the types of cases that are submitted, the sources of data being used to assign probabilities to DNA transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery (TPPR) events, the conclusions that were drawn by the scientists, and how the conclusions were used by the courts. This retrospective analysis of cases demonstrates that published sources of data are generally available and can be used to address DNA TPPR events in most cases, although significant gaps still remain. The study furthermore shows that reporting on forensic biology findings given activity level propositions has been generally accepted by the district and appeal courts, as well as the other parties in the criminal justice system in the Netherlands

PLATE 8 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 8. Abida spec. (material in RMNH). A–D, A. s. meridionalis, Spain. A, Tarragona, La Mola de Falset; B, Teruel, Cantavieja; C–D, Tarragona, La Mola de Colldejou; C, 912 m alt.; D, 850 m alt. E, A. s. bofilli, Spain, Barcelona, Montserrat. F–G, A. ateni, France, Basses Pyrénées, Défilé d'Escot (type locality). F, (RMNH 54920, paratype); G, (RMNH 54882, holotype). H–J, A. vergniesiana. H–I, Andorra, Sornes – Ansalonga; J1–2, France, Ariège, Tarascon sur Ariège.Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt

PLATE 4 in Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539

PLATE 4. Abida secale subspec. (material in RMNH). A–E, A. s. brongersmai, Spain, Lérida. A, Montella, 1,625 m alt.; B–C, Montella, 1,300 m alt.; D1-2, Torres (RMNH 54778, holotype); D2, lateral view bodywhorl and aperture; E1-2, Oteró – Vilanova de Banat, 1,200 m alt.; E2, lateral view bodywhorl and aperture. F–K, A. s. margaridae, Spain. F–H, Gerona, Pedra, 1,120 m alt.; I–J, Gerona, Das – Masella, 1,325 m alt. (type locality); K, Lérida, Bellver de Cerdanya – Ordèn, 1,300–1,400 m alt.Published as part of <i>Kokshoorn, Bas & Gittenberger, Edmund, 2010, Chondrinidae taxonomy revisited: New synonymies, new taxa, and a checklist of species and subspecies (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) 2539, pp. 1-62 in Zootaxa 2539 (1)</i> on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2539.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10094211">http://zenodo.org/record/10094211</a&gt