A CD36 ectodomain mediates insect pheromone detection via a putative tunnelling mechanism.

CD36 transmembrane proteins have diverse roles in lipid uptake, cell adhesion and pathogen sensing. Despite numerous in vitro studies, how they act in native cellular contexts is poorly understood. A Drosophila CD36 homologue, sensory neuron membrane protein 1 (SNMP1), was previously shown to facilitate detection of lipid-derived pheromones by their cognate receptors in olfactory cilia. Here we investigate how SNMP1 functions in vivo. Structure-activity dissection demonstrates that SNMP1's ectodomain is essential, but intracellular and transmembrane domains dispensable, for cilia localization and pheromone-evoked responses. SNMP1 can be substituted by mammalian CD36, whose ectodomain can interact with insect pheromones. Homology modelling, using the mammalian LIMP-2 structure as template, reveals a putative tunnel in the SNMP1 ectodomain that is sufficiently large to accommodate pheromone molecules. Amino-acid substitutions predicted to block this tunnel diminish pheromone sensitivity. We propose a model in which SNMP1 funnels hydrophobic pheromones from the extracellular fluid to integral membrane receptors

Epilepsy and intellectual disability linked protein Shrm4 interaction with GABA B Rs shapes inhibitory neurotransmission

Shrm4, a protein expressed only in polarized tissues, is encoded by the KIAA1202 gene, whose mutations have been linked to epilepsy and intellectual disability. However, a physiological role for Shrm4 in the brain is yet to be established. Here, we report that Shrm4 is localized to synapses where it regulates dendritic spine morphology and interacts with the C terminus of GABA B receptors (GABA B Rs) to control their cell surface expression and intracellular trafficking via a dynein-dependent mechanism. Knockdown of Shrm4 in rat severely impairs GABA B R activity causing increased anxiety-like behaviour and susceptibility to seizures. Moreover, Shrm4 influences hippocampal excitability by modulating tonic inhibition in dentate gyrus granule cells, in a process involving crosstalk between GABA B Rs and extrasynaptic \uce-subunit-containing GABA A Rs. Our data highlights a role for Shrm4 in synaptogenesis and in maintaining GABA B R-mediated inhibition, perturbation of which may be responsible for the involvement of Shrm4 in cognitive disorders and epilepsy

A laboratory study of the effect of acetic acid vapor on atmospheric copper corrosion

A study was made of the copper corrosion rate and corrosion products originated by the action of acetic acid vapor at 100% relative humidity. Copper plates were exposed to an acetic acid contaminated atmosphere for a period of 21 days. Five acetic vapor concentration levels were used. The copper corrosion rate was in the range of 1 to 23 mg/din2 day. The corrosion-product layers were characterized using electrochemical, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Thermal and calorimetric studies were also performed. Some of the compounds identified were cuprite (Cu,O), copper acetate hydrate [Cu(CH,COO)22H,O], and copper hydroxide acetate [Cu4(OH)(CH,COO)72H20]. This last compound was also characterized. The thickness of the patina layers was 4 to 8 nm for amorphous cuprite, 11 to 48 nm for cuprite, and 225 nm for copper acetate. The patina, in which the cementation process of different corrosion-product layers plays an important role, is formed by the reaction of acetic vapor with copper through porous cuprite paths.The authors express their gratitude to the CICYT of Spain for its financial support for Project no. QU197-0666- C02-01. E.C. expresses his gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture for the scholarshipPeer reviewe

GabaB receptor constitutents revealed by tandem affinity purification from transgenic mice

GABAB receptors function as heterodimeric G−protein−coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter g−aminobutyric acid (GABA). Receptor subtypes, based on isoforms of the ligand−binding subunit GABAB1, are thought to involve a differential set of associated proteins. Here, we describe two mouse lines which allow a straightforward biochemical isolation of GABAB receptors. The transgenic mice express GABAB1 isoforms that contain sequences for a two−step affinity purification, in addition to their endogenous subunit repertoire. Comparative analyses of purified samples from the transgenic mice and wildtype control animals revealed two novel components of the GABAB1 complex. One of the identified proteins, potassium channel T1 domain−containing 12 (KCTD12), associates with heterodimeric GABAB receptors via the GABAB2 subunit. In transfected hippocampal neurons, KCTD12 augmented axonal surface targeting of GABAB2. The mice equipped with tags on GABAB1 facilitate validation and identification of native binding partners of GABAB receptors, providing an insight into the molecular mechanisms of synaptic modulation

The BTB domains of the potassium channel tetramerization domain proteins prevalently assume pentameric states

Potassium channel tetramerization domain-containing (KCTD) proteins are involved in fundamental physio-pathological processes. Here, we report an analysis of the oligomeric state of the Bric-à-brack, Tram-track, Broad complex (BTB) domains of seven distinct KCTDs belonging to five major clades of the family evolution tree. Despite their functional and sequence variability, present electron microscopy data highlight the occurrence of well-defined pentameric states for all domains. Our data also show that these states coexist with alternative forms which include open pentamers. Thermal denaturation analyses conducted using KCTD1 as a model suggest that, in these proteins, different domains cooperate to their overall stability. Finally, negative-stain electron micrographs of KCTD6$^{BTB}$ in complex with Cullin3 show the presence of assemblies with a five-pointed pinwheel shape