Potencial antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos de Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench para aplicações cosméticas: caracterização química, microencapsulação e incorporação num hidratante

As propriedades bioativas de várias plantas têm sido atribuídas à presença de compostos fenólicos, especialmente flavonoides (Mishra et al., 2008). As propriedades biológicas, farmacológicas e medicinais deste grupo de compostos têm também sido exaustivamente estudadas (Marchand, 2002). Estudos etnobotânicos realizados no Nordeste de Portugal registam o uso da decocção de Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench (perpétua-das-areias ou douradinha) pelas suas propriedades medicinais nomeadamente no controlo da febre, sintomas gripais e bronquite (Carvalho, 2010). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo explorar o potencial antioxidante dos compostos fenólicos das sumidades floridas (capítulos e brácteas e os 15 cm terminais dos caules com folhas que suportam as inflorescências) de H. stoechas para aplicações cosméticas e envolveu as seguintes etapas: caracterização química, microencapsulação e incorporação num hidratante. As propriedades antioxidantes do extrato hidroalcoólico e da decocção foram avaliadas por métodos químicos (determinação do poder redutor e da capacidade captadora de radicais 2,2- difenil-1-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH) e bioquímicos (inibição da descoloração do β-caroteno na presença de radicais livres derivados do ácido linoleico e inibição da formação de espécies reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) em homogeneizados cerebrais). A composição fenólica foi analisada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência de fase reversa acoplada a deteção de díodos e espetrometria de massa com ionização por spray de eletrões (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS). Foram identificados dezoito compostos fenólicos diferentes, sendo o ácido 3,5-O-dicafeoilquínico e a miricetina O-acetil-hexósido o ácido fenólico e o flavonoide mais abundante, respetivamente. Comparativamente à decocção, o extrato hidroalcoólico apresentou maior atividade antioxidante e conteúdo fenólico, tendo-se optado pela sua forma liofilizada para prosseguir os estudos de microencapsulação. Para a microencapsulação utilizou-se a técnica da dupla emulsão/evaporação de solvente, produzindo-se microesferas de base policaprolactona (PCL) com o respetivo conteúdo (extrato hidroalcoólico de H. stoechas). Estas foram incorporadas com sucesso num creme hidratante. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram o potencial antioxidante do extrato hidroalcoólico de H. stoechas e a viabilidade da sua microencapsulação, abrindo novas possibilidades de exploração e aplicação destes extratos fenólicos naturais, nomeadamente na indústria de cosméticos.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) pelo apoio financeiro ao CIMO (projeto estratégico PEst- OE/AGR/UI0690/2011) e ao LSRE (projeto estratégico PEst-C/EQB/LA0020/2011). L. Barros agradece ao FCT, POPHQREN e FSE pelo seu contrato de investigação no âmbito do “Programa Compromisso com Ciência-2008”.O GIP-USAL é financeiramente suportado pelo governo espanhol através do Programa Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (FUN-C-FOOD, CSD2007-00063)

Exploring the antioxidant potential of Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench phenolic compounds for cosmetic applications: chemical characterization, microencapsulation and incorporation into a moisturizer

The present work explores the antioxidant potential of Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench phenoliccompounds for cosmetic applications involving the following steps: chemical characterization, microen-capsulation and incorporation into a moisturizer. Eighteen different phenolic compounds were identifiedin flowering aerial parts (decoction and hydroalcoholic extract), being 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid andmyricetin O-acetylhexoside the most abundant phenolic acid and flavonoid, respectively. Compara-tively to the decoction form, the hydroalcoholic extract presented both higher antioxidant activity andhigher phenolic content, being its lyophilized form chosen to proceed with microencapsulation studies.Double emulsion/evaporation microencapsulation technique was applied to produce polycaprolactonebased microspheres containing H. stoechas hydroalcoholic extract, which were then successfully incor-porated into a moisturizer. The results obtained demonstrated the antioxidant potential of H. stoechashydroalcoholic extract and the viability of its microencapsulation, thus opening new perspectives for theexploitation of these natural phenolic extracts in applications such as the cosmetic industry.Helichrysum stoechas Phenolic compounds Decoction Antioxidant activity Microencapsulation Cosmetics

Ethological activities, ruminal parameters and weight gain of calves supplemented with different amounts of sodium chloride

The daily weight gain, behavioral activities (grazing, ruminating and water consumption) and the number of rumen protozoa, pH, NH3, and the osmolarity of rumen fluid was evaluated for four groups of six calves HPB/Zebu submitted to daily intake of 15, 30, 60 and 90g of NaCl during 135 days (9th Jan. to 24th May 2008).Throughout the experimental period the calves were in perfect health condition and did not show any signs suggestive of chronic sodium poisoning. There was no significant difference in average daily gain of the calves as the intake of NaCl increased. No significant behavioral changes were observed in the activities of grazing and rumination. However, there was a noticeable change in the frequency of water consumption in the calves that ingested 90g/d of NaCl; they went more often to the trough and drank more water than the group that ingested only 15g sodium chloride/d. The osmolarity of ruminal liquid was higher in the group of calves fed 90g of NaCl/d. The pH, NH3 concentration and number of rumen protozoa was within the normal range

Variation in stem mortality rates determines patterns of above-ground biomass in Amazonian forests: implications for dynamic global vegetation models

Understanding the processes that determine above-ground biomass (AGB) in Amazonian forests is important for predicting the sensitivity of these ecosystems to environmental change and for designing and evaluating dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). AGB is determined by inputs from woody productivity [woody net primary productivity (NPP)] and the rate at which carbon is lost through tree mortality. Here, we test whether two direct metrics of tree mortality (the absolute rate of woody biomass loss and the rate of stem mortality) and/or woody NPP, control variation in AGB among 167 plots in intact forest across Amazonia. We then compare these relationships and the observed variation in AGB and woody NPP with the predictions of four DGVMs. The observations show that stem mortality rates, rather than absolute rates of woody biomass loss, are the most important predictor of AGB, which is consistent with the importance of stand size structure for determining spatial variation in AGB. The relationship between stem mortality rates and AGB varies among different regions of Amazonia, indicating that variation in wood density and height/diameter relationships also influences AGB. In contrast to previous findings, we find that woody NPP is not correlated with stem mortality rates and is weakly positively correlated with AGB. Across the four models, basin-wide average AGB is similar to the mean of the observations. However, the models consistently overestimate woody NPP and poorly represent the spatial patterns of both AGB and woody NPP estimated using plot data. In marked contrast to the observations, DGVMs typically show strong positive relationships between woody NPP and AGB. Resolving these differences will require incorporating forest size structure, mechanistic models of stem mortality and variation in functional composition in DGVMs

Relocation of inadequate resection margins in the wound bed during oral cavity oncological surgery: A feasibility study

Background: Specimen-driven intraoperative assessment of the resection margins provides immediate feedback if an additional excision is needed. However, relocation of an inadequate margin in the wound bed has shown to be difficult. The objective of this study is to assess a reliable method for accurate relocation of inadequate tumor resection margins in the wound bed after intraoperative assessment of the specimen. Methods: During oral cavity cancer surgery, the surgeon placed numbered tags on both sides of the resection line in a pair-wise manner. After resection, one tag of each pair remained on the specimen and the other tag in the wound bed. Upon detection of an inadequate margin in the specimen, the tags were used to relocate this margin in the wound bed. Results: The method was applied during 80 resections for oral cavity cancer. In 31 resections an inadequate margin was detected, and based on the paired tagging an accurate additional resection was achieved. Conclusion: Paired tagging facilitates a reliable relocation of inadequate margins, enabling an accurate additional resection during the initial surgery

Evolutionary Heritage Influences Amazon Tree Ecology

Lineages tend to retain ecological characteristics of their ancestors through time. However, for some traits, selection during evolutionary history may have also played a role in determining trait values. To address the relative importance of these processes requires large-scale quantification of traits and evolutionary relationships among species. The Amazonian tree flora comprises a high diversity of angiosperm lineages and species with widely differing life-history characteristics, providing an excellent system to investigate the combined influences of evolutionary heritage and selection in determining trait variation. We used trait data related to the major axes of life-history variation among tropical trees (e.g. growth and mortality rates) from 577 inventory plots in closed-canopy forest, mapped onto a phylogenetic hypothesis spanning more than 300 genera including all major angiosperm clades to test for evolutionary constraints on traits. We found significant phylogenetic signal (PS) for all traits, consistent with evolutionarily related genera having more similar characteristics than expected by chance. Although there is also evidence for repeated evolution of pioneer and shade tolerant life-history strategies within independent lineages, the existence of significant PS allows clearer predictions of the links between evolutionary diversity, ecosystem function and the response of tropical forests to global change

Carbon uptake by mature Amazon forests has mitigated Amazon nations' carbon emissions

Background: Several independent lines of evidence suggest that Amazon forests have provided a significant carbon sink service, and also that the Amazon carbon sink in intact, mature forests may now be threatened as a result of different processes. There has however been no work done to quantify non-land-use-change forest carbon fluxes on a national basis within Amazonia, or to place these national fluxes and their possible changes in the context of the major anthropogenic carbon fluxes in the region. Here we present a first attempt to interpret results from groundbased monitoring of mature forest carbon fluxes in a biogeographically, politically, and temporally differentiated way. Specifically, using results from a large long-term network of forest plots, we estimate the Amazon biomass carbon balance over the last three decades for the different regions and nine nations of Amazonia, and evaluate the magnitude and trajectory of these differentiated balances in relation to major national anthropogenic carbon emissions. Results: The sink of carbon into mature forests has been remarkably geographically ubiquitous across Amazonia, being substantial and persistent in each of the five biogeographic regions within Amazonia. Between 1980 and 2010, it has more than mitigated the fossil fuel emissions of every single national economy, except that of Venezuela. For most nations (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname) the sink has probably additionally mitigated all anthropogenic carbon emissions due to Amazon deforestation and other land use change. While the sink has weakened in some regions since 2000, our analysis suggests that Amazon nations which are able to conserve large areas of natural and semi-natural landscape still contribute globally-significant carbon sequestration. Conclusions: Mature forests across all of Amazonia have contributed significantly to mitigating climate change for decades. Yet Amazon nations have not directly benefited from providing this global scale ecosystem service. We suggest that better monitoring and reporting of the carbon fluxes within mature forests, and understanding the drivers of changes in their balance, must become national, as well as international, priorities