Toward the Development of Efficient Electro-Fenton Reactors for Soil Washing Wastes through Microfluidic Cells

This work focuses on the coupling of three different approaches into the same reactor at the same time: microfluidic cells, anodic oxidation with diamond anodes, and an electro-Fenton process. To supply oxygen a jet aerator was used and a CB/PTFE Duocel Al foam cathode was installed to promote the formation of hydrogen peroxide. This novel concept is applied for the direct treatment (without the addition of salts or other reagents) of soil washing wastes obtained in the remediation of soil spiked with clopyralid. Results obtained pointed out that this approach can increase the efficiency of the process by folds as compared to traditional treatment technologies. The chemical analysis of the intermediates showed different reaction mechanisms: anodic oxidation, electro-Fenton, and a negligible contribution of coagulation. The coupled systems studied in this work present several advantages such as high treatment efficiency and short treatment time which indicate that the development of electrochemical reactors for diluted liquid wastes is progressing in an adequate direction.Este trabajo se centra en el acoplamiento de tres enfoques diferentes en el mismo reactor al mismo tiempo: celdas de microfluidos, oxidación anódica con ánodos de diamante y un proceso de electro-Fenton. Para suministrar oxígeno se utilizó un aireador de chorro y se instaló un cátodo de espuma CB / PTFE Duocel Al para promover la formación de peróxido de hidrógeno. Este novedoso concepto se aplica para el tratamiento directo (sin la adición de sales u otros reactivos) de los residuos del lavado de suelos obtenidos en la remediación de suelos enriquecidos con clopiralida. Los resultados obtenidos señalaron que este enfoque puede incrementar la eficiencia del proceso por pliegues en comparación con las tecnologías de tratamiento tradicionales. El análisis químico de los intermedios mostró diferentes mecanismos de reacción: oxidación anódica, electro-Fenton y una contribución insignificante de la coagulación

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022 : a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

A list of authors and their affiliations appears online. A supplementary appendix is herewith attached.Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.peer-reviewe