LA TUTORÍA ENTRE PARES EN LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR DE AMÉRICA LATINA

Reportamos un avance de investigación relativa a las prácticas de tutoría entre pares en universidades latinoamericanas. El propósito fue identificar los países y universidades en las que se desarrollan las experiencias, el estado general de la información y la metodología que utilizan para estudiar las experiencias.En un primer momento hicimos un contraste con revisiones de literatura lo que nos permitió poner en contexto el material seleccionado. Encontramos que el 80% de publicaciones de tales revisiones proceden de experiencias en Estados Unidos. Otros países frecuentemente incluidos son el Reino Unido, Australia, Suráfrica, Alemania, Suecia y Canadá.En el segundo momento, llevamos a cabo un análisis descriptivo de 164 documentos procedentes de universidades latinoamericanas. Los documentos incluyeron artículos resultados de investigación (reporte de estudios empíricos con una metodología de investigación), descripción o análisis de experiencias (sin intención investigativa) y documentos institucionales que presentan casos. Posteriormente realizamos una caracterización general de la información encontrada lo que nos permite ilustrar el estado actual de la producción universitaria latinoamericana.Los documentos fueron publicados desde 2006 hasta 2018, en 9 países y 78 universidades. Predominan documentos publicados por instituciones de Colombia, Chile, México, Argentina y Uruguay. Las ponencias en eventos académicos son el tipo de divulgación más frecuente, con el Congreso anual CLABES por el número de aportes. Le siguen en cantidad los artículos en revistas académicas.En cuanto a las metodologías para estudiar las experiencias, se evidencia que éstas se mueven entre la revisión longitudinal de la implementación, la evaluación del impacto de los programas o los estudios cualitativos interesados en la vivencia de los participantes.Con este trabajo mostramos un panorama general de la producción académica sobre la tutoría entre pares en las universidades latinoamericanas. Esta caracterización permite vislumbrar trabajos posteriores que posibiliten la consolidación de una comunidad académica y, de este modo, suplir el principal vacío encontrado: la ausencia de diálogo entre los autores no sólo a nivel local, sino también con los autores representativos en todo el mundo.Esperamos avanzar en la consolidación de una línea de investigación que aporte al fortalecimiento de las prácticas existentes y, por tanto, a continuar y mejorar el impacto que todas las experiencias revisadas reportan tanto sobre el aprendizaje en general como sobre las situaciones que motivan el abandono

El acompañamiento al aprendizaje en la formación con incorporación de Tic: una apuesta desde la sistematización de experiencias

Con la incorporación de tecnologías en la educación, surge una importante apuesta de investigación: “La calidad”; en donde se debe buscar el mejoramiento constante. Ante ello, en esta ponencia se socializa los resultados de un estudio que alude a una experiencia de construcción colectiva de conocimiento en el marco de la transformación de un programa académico ofertado en modalidad virtual en la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS) de Colombia. Los referentes teóricos que guían la oferta formativa y su proceso investigativo, son definidos al pormenorizar: i) La óptica de virtualización. En el programa se tiene adoptada una visión particular del concepto de lo virtual, del proceso de virtualización y de las tecnologías; ii) El guion de aprendizaje. Es el eje del proceso de virtualización y iii) La estrategia de observación y seguimiento. Corresponde a la sistematización de experiencias educativas, la cual se fundamenta en la investigación desde el paradigma cualitativo. Con la apuesta de contribuir con la calidad del programa, surgió la necesidad de valorar el desarrollo de su ambiente de aprendizaje. Para el logro del compromiso, se determinó como objetivo el desarrollo de un proceso de gestión colectiva que, bajo la lógica de la virtualización como proceso de transformación, permitiera la generación de aprendizajes y la construcción de conocimiento. Lo anterior llevó a los agentes educativos a visionar un proceso estructurado en tres fases: i) delimitación de la intervención; ii) sistematización de experiencias educativas y iii) análisis individual y colectivo. Del análisis realizado emergieron hallazgos, los cuales surgieron de las categorías de mayor significado y que fueron base para la toma de decisiones. De ello, y en lo que al acompañamiento al aprendizaje se refiere, se muestran hallazgos asociados con: i) aspectos globales del guion de aprendizaje; ii) el ciclo de cambio del guion de aprendizaje; iii) el trabajo colaborativo; iv) los materiales; v) la evaluación y vi) las tecnologías

Reconceptualización sobre competencias informacionales.Una experiencia en la Educación Superior

El artículo presenta resultados de un proyecto de investigación sobre competencia informacional en estudiantes universitarios, en desarrollo desde 2006. El estudio parte de la comprensión tradicional de competencia informacional y propone su replanteamiento desde el enfoque semiótico del discurso. Se sustenta que la competencia informacional está representada en las condiciones previas (modalidades cognitiva, afectiva y pragmática de la competencia). Estas condiciones hacen posible la actuación relativa a la información. Adicionalmente, se construyó una estructura de análisis in situ de la competencia. Esta estructura fue probada con un estudiante de educación a distancia en la Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia. Los resultados muestran que las dimensiones de la competencia informacional pueden ser comprendidas a partir de la experiencia relatada por el sujeto. El estudiante mostró ejemplos sobre las claras relaciones entre las modalidades (perspectiva semiótica) y sus experiencias e historia de vida (perspectiva sociocultural). De otro lado, fueron evidentes las fuertes relaciones entre las modalidades que exigen procesos detallados de análisis de los resultados.This article presents the results of a study, started in 2006, on information competency in university students. The study was based on the idea that we should use a semiotic focus of discourse to rethink the traditional understanding of information competency. We argue that information competency is represented in already-existing conditions (cognitive, affective, and pragmatic modalities of understanding). These conditions make it possible to interact in a relative manner with the information. We also developed an in situ method to analyze understanding. This method was tested with a student studying Education at the Universidad Industrial de Santander (Colombia) at a distance. The results show that the dimensions of information competency can be understood based on the subject’s experience. The student showed examples of the clear relationship between the modalities (the semiotic perspective) and the experiences accrued over his or her life (the socio-cultural perspective). The strong relationships between the modalities that required careful analysis of the results were also evident.O artigo apresenta resultados de um projeto de pesquisa sobre competência informacional com estudantes universitários, em desenvolvimento desde 2006. O estudo parte da compreensão tradicional de competência informacional e propõe sua reconfiguração a partir do enfoque semiótico do discurso. Sustenta-se que a competência informacional está representada nas condições prévias (modalidades cognitivas, afeta e pragmática da competência). Essas condições tornam possível a atuação relativa à informação. Além disso, construiu-se uma estrutura de análise in loco da competência. Essa estrutura foi testada com um estudante de educação à distância da Universidade Industrial de Santander, Colômbia. Os resultados mostram que as dimensões da competência informacional podem ser compreendidas a partir da experiência relatada pelo sujeito. O estudante mostrou exemplos sobre as claras relações entre as modalidades (perspectiva semiótica) e suas experiências e história de vida (perspectiva sócio-cultural). Por outro lado, foram evidentes as fortes relações entre as modalidades que exigem processos detalhados de análise dos resultados

Hyperdominance in Amazonian Forest Carbon Cycling

While Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, the abundance of trees is skewed strongly towards relatively few ‘hyperdominant’ species. In addition to their diversity, Amazonian trees are a key component of the global carbon cycle, assimilating and storing more carbon than any other ecosystem on Earth. Here we ask, using a unique data set of 530 forest plots, if the functions of storing and producing woody carbon are concentrated in a small number of tree species, whether the most abundant species also dominate carbon cycling, and whether dominant species are characterized by specific functional traits. We find that dominance of forest function is even more concentrated in a few species than is dominance of tree abundance, with only ≈1% of Amazon tree species responsible for 50% of carbon storage and productivity. Although those species that contribute most to biomass and productivity are often abundant, species maximum size is also influential, while the identity and ranking of dominant species varies by function and by region

Amor, empatía y conductas prosociales: una reflexión interdisciplinaria

This book presents, through reflection, the relevance, timeliness and necessity of love, empathy and prosocial behaviors within the framework of the professional and disciplinary work of the authors. The reader will be able to find here what these professionals, academics and intellectuals think and feel about it. Let the reader know that it was not a simple writing project, maybe because of the invitation to think about oneself, maybe because of the presence of the concept of "love" in the academy, or maybe, because we are not so accustomed to putting in the first person the reflection turned from what we relate to day by day. May this text be the excuse to continue to reflect on the role of love, empathy and prosocial behavior in a world that sometimes shows great desolation. May these unknotted reflections allow us to understand and resignify, learn and continue.PublishedEste libro expone, por la vía de la reflexión, la pertinencia, actualidad y necesidad del amor, la empatía y las conductas prosociales en el marco del quehacer profesional y disciplinar de los autores. El lector podrá encontrar aquí lo que esos profesionales, académicos e intelectuales piensan y sienten al respecto. Sepa el lector que no fue un proyecto de escritura sencillo, quizá por la invitación a pensar sobre sí, quizá por la presencia del concepto “amor” en la academia, o quizá, simplemente, porque no estamos tan acostumbrados a poner en primera persona la reflexión devenida de aquello con lo que día a día nos relacionamos. Que sea este texto la excusa para continuar reflexionando sobre el papel del amor, la empatía y las conductas prosociales en un mundo que a veces muestra gran desolación. Que estas reflexiones des-anudadas permitan comprender y resignificar, aprender y continuar

Vocabulario de la sociedad civil, la ruralidad y los movimientos sociales en América Latina

El Vocabulario de la Sociedad Civil, la Ruralidad y los Movimientos Sociales en América Latina tiene como objetivo desarrollar vocablos relacionados con temas de gran trascendencia para la vida colectiva de la población Latinoamericana; pretende introducir a estudiantes, personas del ámbito académico y activistas en la comprensión de estas categorías de análisis. A través de la mirada de 70 especialistas que participaron en este vocabulario, es posible comprender muchos de los términos que se utilizan dentro de la investigación social y áreas relacionadas con las ciencias políticas, ambientales y rurales, a partir de una mayor explicación y detalle. Es por ello que se inserta este trabajo desde una mirada colectiva y amplia de los conceptos que se exponen. En este libro podrá encontrar las ideas de varios autores y autoras de distintas universidades, con una visión multi, inter y transdisciplinaria. El esfuerzo que se realizó para conjuntar varios términos y analizar su compleja red de interpretaciones, permitirá que este manuscrito pueda ser consultado por estudiantes, personas del ámbito científico-académico, y ciudadanía; porque contiene el estado del arte, la historia del paulatino avance de múltiples conceptos y su vigencia en el contexto actual

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Why Are Outcomes Different for Registry Patients Enrolled Prospectively and Retrospectively? Insights from the Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF).

Background: Retrospective and prospective observational studies are designed to reflect real-world evidence on clinical practice, but can yield conflicting results. The GARFIELD-AF Registry includes both methods of enrolment and allows analysis of differences in patient characteristics and outcomes that may result. Methods and Results: Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and ≥1 risk factor for stroke at diagnosis of AF were recruited either retrospectively (n = 5069) or prospectively (n = 5501) from 19 countries and then followed prospectively. The retrospectively enrolled cohort comprised patients with established AF (for a least 6, and up to 24 months before enrolment), who were identified retrospectively (and baseline and partial follow-up data were collected from the emedical records) and then followed prospectively between 0-18 months (such that the total time of follow-up was 24 months; data collection Dec-2009 and Oct-2010). In the prospectively enrolled cohort, patients with newly diagnosed AF (≤6 weeks after diagnosis) were recruited between Mar-2010 and Oct-2011 and were followed for 24 months after enrolment. Differences between the cohorts were observed in clinical characteristics, including type of AF, stroke prevention strategies, and event rates. More patients in the retrospectively identified cohort received vitamin K antagonists (62.1% vs. 53.2%) and fewer received non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (1.8% vs . 4.2%). All-cause mortality rates per 100 person-years during the prospective follow-up (starting the first study visit up to 1 year) were significantly lower in the retrospective than prospectively identified cohort (3.04 [95% CI 2.51 to 3.67] vs . 4.05 [95% CI 3.53 to 4.63]; p = 0.016). Conclusions: Interpretations of data from registries that aim to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AF must take account of differences in registry design and the impact of recall bias and survivorship bias that is incurred with retrospective enrolment. Clinical Trial Registration: - URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier for GARFIELD-AF (NCT01090362)

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362