28 research outputs found

    Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in African Creative Writing: Some Insights for Translation Studies

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    Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in African Creative Writing: Some Insights for Translation Studies — A characteristic feature of African creative writing is the use of code-switching and code-mixing as a writing technique. Code-switching and code-mixing have a discourse, referential and sociolinguistic significance in a text. This paper deals with how African writers use various forms of code-switching and code-mixing as linguistic choices having specific pragmalinguistic functions in a text. Our aim is to show how exploiting this type of 'language mixing' for literary creativity calls for specific translation strategies and, how translating code-switched and code-mixed texts requires techniques that can help us enhance our knowledge of the translation process.L'alternance et le mĂ©lange de codes dans la crĂ©ation littĂ©raire africaine : contribution Ă  la traductologie — L'alternance de codes et le mĂ©lange de codes sont deux procĂ©dĂ©s caractĂ©ristiques de la crĂ©ation littĂ©raire africaine. Ces procĂ©dĂ©s y jouent un rĂŽle primordial dans la mesure oĂč ils ont une valeur sociolinguistique, referentielle et discursive. Cet article a pour objet l'Ă©tude de l'emploi, par les auteurs africains, de l'alternance et du mĂ©lange de codes comme choix linguistiques afin d'assurer certaines fonctions pragmalinguistiques dans un texte littĂ©raire. Notre but est de dĂ©montrer comment l'exploitation de ce type de 'mĂ©lange de langues' comme mode de crĂ©ation littĂ©raire implique l'usage de stratĂ©gies de traduction spĂ©cifiques. Par ailleurs, il est question de voir comment la traduction de textes comprenant une alternance ou un mĂ©lange de codes fait appel Ă  des techniques susceptibles d'enrichir nos connaissances du processus de la traduction

    A translation turn in Africa

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    Once considered merely as a subfield of the science of linguistics, translation studies has earned its droit de citĂ©, that is, the right to exist as an autonomous discipline. Having shed its linguistic confines, translation studies has been growing in leaps and bounds, owing to an ever-increasing cross-fertilisation process involving many other established academic disciplines. The term “translation” is no longer the preserve of theorists and practitioners of translation but has taken on a slew of meanings and connotations that may vary according to the perspectives of the host disciplines

    Translation as Culture Transfer: Evidence from African Creative Writing

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    Translation as Culture Transfer: Evidence from African Creative Writing — Due to the impact of African oral tradition the language of African creative writing in European languages (French and English) poses specific translation problems. We wish to illustrate the various processes and techniques used to cope with these translation problems. The different translation techniques discussed will throw some light on well-known concepts in translation theory such as Newmark's semantic vs communicative translation, House's overt vs covert translation, Diller and Kornelius' primary vs secondary translation and Berman's "traduction ethnocentrique" vs "traduction hypertextuelle." Translation as culture transfer, particularly regarding non-related language cultures, has been discussed by translation theorists such as Mounin, Nida, Lefevere, and Snell-Hornby. Translating African creative works is a double "transposition" process: (1) primary level of translation i.e., the expression of African thought in a European language by an African writer; (2) the "transfer" of African thought from one European language to another by the translator. The primary level of translation results in an African variety of European languages, and the translator's task is to deal with the unique problems posed by this so-called non-standard language. This paper is focussed on the various translation techniques used by translators of African works. These translators show a clear preference for semantic, overt and "literal" translation, in which, in Nida's terms, formal equivalence is given priority over dynamic equivalence. Such an approach is judged by the translators to be the most reliable for an effective representation of African sociocultural and sociolinguistic reality in European languages.Traduction et transfert culturel : le cas de la crĂ©ation littĂ©raire africaine — La tradition orale africaine exerce une influence marquĂ©e sur le langage de la crĂ©ation littĂ©raire africaine en langues europĂ©ennes (le français et l'anglais) qui pose des problĂšmes de traduction particuliers. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude dĂ©crit les diverses techniques et les divers procĂ©dĂ©s de traduction utilisĂ©s par les traducteurs d'oeuvres africaines Ă©crites en langues europĂ©ennes. La discussion de ces procĂ©dĂ©s conduit Ă  aborder des concepts bien connus dans le domaine de la traductologie : la traduction sĂ©mantique et la traduction communicative de Newmark, la #x00ab; overt translation » et la « covert translation » de House, la traduction primaire et la traduction secondaire de Diller et Kornelius et enfin la traduction ethnocentrique et la traduction hypertextuelle de Berman. La traduction comme transfert culturel, particuliĂšrement en ce qui concerne des langues de cultures trĂšs Ă©loignĂ©es l'une de l'autre, a Ă©tĂ© abordĂ©e entre autres par des thĂ©oriciens tels que Mounin, Nida et Snell-Hornby. La traduction d'oeuvres africaines est une « double transposition » : (1) l'auteur exprime la « pensĂ©e » africaine en langue europĂ©enne; (2) le traducteur effectue un « transfert » de la pensĂ©e africaine d'une langue europĂ©enne Ă  une autre. La variĂ©tĂ© africaine de la langue europĂ©enne constitue un dĂ©fi pour le traducteur, qui doit surmonter les problĂšmes particuliers que pose la traduction d'une telle variĂ©tĂ© « non standard » de langue europĂ©enne. Une analyse des divers procĂ©dĂ©s utilisĂ©s par les traducteurs d'oeuvres africaines en langues europĂ©ennes rĂ©vĂšle une prĂ©fĂ©rence marquĂ©e pour une traduction plutĂŽt sĂ©mantique, transparente (« overt ») et littĂ©rale, dans laquelle, pour emprunter Ă  E. Nida, Y Ă©quivalence formelle l'emporterait sur l'Ă©quivalence dynamique. Cette approche est la plus apte, selon les traducteurs, Ă  assurer une reprĂ©sentation efficace des rĂ©alitĂ©s sociolinguistiques et socioculturelles africaines en langues europĂ©ennes

    On Translating Pidgins and Creoles in African Literature

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    On Translating Pidgins and Creoles in African Literature — This paper deals with some of the problems of translating pidgins and creoles in African literature. It begins with an overview of the origins and parallel evolution of the French-based and English-based pidgins spoken in West Africa, throwing light on their status, history, and use in African literature. After a brief sociolinguistic analysis of the two hybrid languages, the paper discusses the difficulty of translating them, by carrying out a thorough analysis of translated examples and suggesting more appropriate solutions where necessary. The paper concludes by highlighting the reasons for the translation difficulties which are not only linguistic but also historical and ideological.De la traduction des pidgins et des crĂ©oles dans la littĂ©rature africaine — Cet article prĂ©sente certains problĂšmes posĂ©s par la traduction des pidgins et des crĂ©oles dans la littĂ©rature africaine. L'introduction est un bref survol des origines et de l'Ă©volution parallĂšle des pidgins Ă  base lexicale anglaise et française parlĂ©s en Afrique de l'ouest, leur statut, leur histoire et leur usage dans la littĂ©rature africaine. AprĂšs un tour d'horizon des aspects sociolinguistiques de ces langues hybrides, l'auteur procĂšde Ă  une analyse des difficultĂ©s que pose leur traduction, et effectue une analyse approfondie de quelques traductions. Des versions plus adĂ©quates sont proposĂ©es au besoin. En conclusion, sont mises en Ă©vidence les raisons de ces difficultĂ©s de nature non seulement linguistique mais historique et idĂ©ologique

    Esquisse d’une histoire de la traduction en Afrique

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    Cet article a pour but de dresser l’esquisse d’une histoire de la traduction en Afrique subsaharienne qui couvre les pĂ©riodes-clĂ© de son histoire ainsi que les principales rĂ©gions du continent. De l’époque prĂ©coloniale Ă  l’époque nĂ©ocoloniale actuelle, la traduction et l’interprĂ©tation ont toujours aidĂ© Ă  faciliter la communication entre divers groupes, que ce soit pour faire le lien entre les souverains et leurs sujets, entre les colonisateurs et les colonisĂ©s ou encore, aujourd’hui, entre les communautĂ©s linguistiques d’une Afrique hautement multilingue et multiculturelle. La traduction a touchĂ© tous les secteurs d’activitĂ© en Afrique au cours des siĂšcles, tant sur le plan politique qu’administratif, culturel et religieux. Dans ce contexte, la traduction s’est faite entre diverses combinaisons de langues : arabe, langues africaines et langues europĂ©ennes. On peut compter aussi des formes traditionnelles de traduction intersĂ©miotique. Tracer une histoire de la traduction en Afrique c’est prĂ©senter l’histoire riche et complexe de ce continent, de tous les Ă©changes et contacts qui ont forgĂ© son identitĂ© et dĂ©fini son destin.This paper aims to present an overview of the history of translation in Sub-Saharan Africa, and attempts to cover the major periods of its history and the main regions of the continent. From precolonial times to today’s neocolonial period, translation and interpreting have always played a major role in enabling communication between disparate groups such as between kings and their subjects, colonizers and colonized, or in more contemporary times, between linguistic communities in a highly multicultural and multilingual Africa. Over the centuries, translation has been involved in many key sectors of activity in Africa ranging from politics and administration to culture and religion. Translation in this context has involved a great variety of language combinations between African languages, European languages and Arabic, as well as some traditional forms of intersemiotic translation. The history of translation in Africa reflects the rich and complex history of the continent and the various linguistic and cultural contacts and exchanges that have shaped and defined its destiny

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    O conceito bermaniano de “estrangeiro” sob o prisma da tradução pós-colonial

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    Antoine Berman’s concept of “the trial of the foreign” has proven particularly useful inelucidating and accounting for postcolonial translation practice. African European-language writing is characterized by the practice of vernacularization and literary diglossia as a writing strategy in what is generally an intercultural communication context. This raises questions of identity and ideology with respect to the use of colonial languages, as well as issues of power relations between the center and the periphery. The strategy of deterritorializing and reterritorializing often used by postcolonial writers as an attempt to reappropriate the colonial language and thus claim their own space is an example of what Berman refers to as “writing as translation”. This style of writing, heavily grounded in ideological as well as sociocultural considerations, raises some serious questions about translation choices which can only be addressed through a sound and comprehensive ethics of translation. Postmodern theories can help us define an ethics framework for translation which will allow us to move away from the binary opposition, or the dichotomy, of foreignist versus domesticating translation that has been at the basis of much theorizing in translation studies.O conceito bermaniano de “a prova do estrangeiro” Ă© particularmente capaz de elucidar e explicar a prĂĄtica tradutĂłria pĂłs-colonial. A escrita literĂĄria em lĂ­nguas europeias na África Ă© caracterizada pela vernaculização e pela diglossia literĂĄria como estratĂ©gia de escrita em um contexto de comunicação intercultural. O emprego de lĂ­nguas coloniais suscita questĂ”es de identidade e de ideologia, assim como o problema das relaçÔes de poder entre o centro e a periferia. A estratĂ©gia de desterritorialização e de reterritorialização, frequentemente utilizada por escritores pĂłs-coloniais para tentar se reapropriar da lĂ­ngua colonial e reivindicar seu espaço prĂłprio, Ă© um exemplo do que Berman chama de “a escrita-de-tradução”. Esse estilo de escrita tem fundamentos ideolĂłgicos e socioculturais e coloca questĂ”es importantes relativas às escolhas tradutĂłrias, questĂ”es às quais apenas se pode esperar responder por meio de uma Ă©tica sĂ©ria e global da tradução. As teorias pĂłs-modernas podem contribuir para a definição de um quadro Ă©tico da tradução que permite se distanciar da dicotomia presente na base de grande parte das teorias em tradutologia e que opĂ”e a tradução estrangeirizadora à tradução domesticadora
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