Evaluación de la degradación de residuos de floricultura para la obtención de azúcares con el uso de tres hongos lignocelulolíticos

En Colombia, la floricultura es un sector agro-industrial importante, que genera residuos de flores que aún no se han valorizado, a pesar de que las cantidades producidas luego del corte y post-cosecha, en cultivos como crisantemo (Chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora) y rosa (Rosa spp.), son muy grandes. En este trabajo se estudió por primera vez la degradación de estos residuos usando los hongos de podredumbre blanca Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor y Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Se investigó, a nivel de matraz de 250 mL, el efecto del co-cultivo de estos hongos sobre residuos de crisantemo, y se estableció que el cultivo de P. ostreatus, fue el que mayor degradación produjo. Posteriormente se estudió el efecto de las concentraciones de residuo, sulfatos de cobre y manganeso, y el pH sobre la degradación de residuos de crisantemo y rosa medida a través de la concentración de azúcares reductores, y se encontró que a las mejores condiciones en el intervalo evaluado, la concentración de azúcares reductores máxima fue 16.5 g/L y 17.9 g/L, respectivamente, en 24 horas. Los porcentajes de hidrólisis máximos fueron 45% para crisantemo y 37% para rosa. A nivel de reactor de 1.5 L se evaluó el efecto del la aireación, encontrándose que para los dos residuos inyectar 2 vvm de aire incrementó la concentración de azúcares reductores a 21.2 g/L y 22.1 g/L, respectivamente, que corresponden a porcentajes de hidrólisis de 58% y 46%. También se estudió la actividad enzimática de endoglucanasa, celobiohidrolasa, ?-glucosidasa, manganeso peroxidasa y lacasa, hallándose la expresión de todas las enzimas en los dos residuos, destacándose, en los cultivos con crisantemo, la actividad de ?-glucosidasa (9513.0 U/L) y lacasa (4693.4 U/L) Finalmente, se exploró el aprovechamiento del hidrolizado de la degradación de los residuos de crisantemo para la producción de etanol, con Saccharomyces cerevisiae, y se obtuvo un rendimiento de 84% con respecto del etanol teórico. / Abstract. In Colombia, floriculture is an important agro-industrial activity, which generates wastes that have remained almost unexplored, despite of the great amount produced after the cutoff and harvest, in cultures such as Rose spp. and Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora), among others. In this research, the possibility of degrading Rose and Chrysanthemum wastes was studied by using white-rot fungi like Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The effect of each fungus on Chrysanthemum wastes was studied, including the three fungi individually and in consortium. The best degradation of Chrysanthemum wastes was obtained by using P. ostreatus. After that, the effect of waste, copper, and manganese concentrations, as well as pH, on degradation of both wastes were determined in a submerged culture at laboratory scale (250 mL). The highest concentration of reducing sugars for Chrysanthemum degradation was 16.5 g/L in 24 hours, and 17.8 g/L for Rose at the same time. Percentages of hydrolysis were 45% and 37%, respectively. The process was carried out in a 1.5-l reactor, air injection varying from 0 to 2 vvm. The highest concentrations of sugars obtained were 21.2 g /L (58% of hydrolysis) for Chrysanthemum wastes and 22.1 g/L (46% of hydrolysis) for Rose wastes. Enzymatic activities of laccase, manganese peroxidase, endo-1.4-?-glucanase, cellobiohydrolase and 1.4-?-glucosidase were detected in both wastes degradations. Activities of laccase (4693.4 U/L) and 1.4-?-glucosidase (9513.0 U/L) were specially high in Chrysanthemum wastes cultures. Finally, production of ethanol from the liquid product of Chrysanthemum wastes degradation was explored, by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A yield of 84% respect the theoretical ethanol was obtained.Doctorad

Production of recombinant trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase ii in a new expression system based on wickerhamomyces anomalus

Q31-7Cellulase is a family of at least three groups of enzymes that participate in the sequential hydrolysis of cellulose. Recombinant expression of cellulases might allow reducing their production times and increasing the low proteins concentrations obtained with filamentous fungi. In this study, we describe the production of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II (CBHII) in a native strain of Wickerhamomyces anomalus. Recombinant CBHII was expressed in W. anomalus 54-A reaching enzyme activity values of up to 14.5 U L−1. The enzyme extract showed optimum pH and temperature of 5.0–6.0 and 40°C, respectively. Enzyme kinetic parameters ( of 2.73 mM and Vmax of 23.1 µM min−1) were between the ranges of values reported for other CBHII enzymes. Finally, the results showed that an enzymatic extract of W. anomalus 54-A carrying the recombinant T. reesei CBHII allows production of reducing sugars similar to that of a crude extract from cellulolytic fungi. These results show the first report on the use of W. anomalus as a host to produce recombinant proteins. In addition, recombinant T. reesei CBHII enzyme could potentially be used in the degradation of lignocellulosic residues to produce bioethanol, based on its pH and temperature activity profile

Recopilación, actualización y análisis de la información de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales : actualización del análisis del comportamiento temporal y espacial de la cuenca alta, media y baja del río Bogotá.

El documento presenta la recopilación y el análisis de información de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales de Anapoima, Cajicá, Cota, Chía, Chocontá, Facatativa, Mosquera, Funza, Madrid I y Madrid II. Además contiene el análisis del comportamiento temporal y espacial de las cuencas alta, media y baja del río Bogotá en los periodos de agosto/90 a Julio/91, octubre/92 a septiembre/93 y septiembre/95 a agosto/96.CAR1. Plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales. 2. Análisis espacial y temporal del río Bogotá. 3. Índice de calidad de agua

Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5

Immobilising lignilolytic fungus for removing reactive black 5 dye   Resumen: La presencia de colorantes azoicos en aguas residuales de la industria textil es un problema ambiental y sanitario, porque muchos de estos compuestos son cancerígenos. Los tratamientos biológicos son una alternativa para la remoción de ese tipo de colorantes. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de tres hongos de podredumbre blanca, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium sobre la decoloración de un agua que contiene colorante negro reactivo 5 (NR5), ampliamente usado en la industria textil. Se estudió la inmovilización de estos hongos en dos soportes, espuma de poliuretano y estropajo (L. cylíndrica) para seleccionar el mejor soporte y el hongo con mayor capacidad para la decoloración. Ambos soportes fueron igualmente efectivos, pero se seleccionó estropajo por ser un producto natural. El hongo que generó los mayores porcentajes de decoloración en 4 días fue Trametes versicolor, con 96%, 98% y 98% para agua con concentración de NR5 300 ppm, 150 ppm y 75 ppm, respectivamente. La actividad lacasa para cada concentración de NR5 fue 8 U L-1, 7 U L-1 y 5 U L-1. Palabras clave: , Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5.   Abstract: Waste water from the textile industry represents a major environmental and health problem because it contains azo dyes whose carcirogenic effect has been tested in research. Biological treatment represents a valuable alternative for removing these dyes. The effect of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium rot fungi on decoloration of water containing reactive black five (NR5) textile dye was evaluated in this work. Immobilising the fungi on polyurethane foam and luffa sponge (Luffa cylindrica) supports was studied in order to select the best support and the fungi having the best decolorisation. Both supports were equally effective; however, the luffa sponge was selected as being a natural product. Trametes versicolor produced the highest decolorisation percentages in four days (96%, 98% and 98% for 300 ppm, 150 ppm and 75 ppm NR5 concentrations, respectively) while lacase enzyme activity was 8 UL-1, 7 UL-1 and 5 UL-1 for each of them. Key words: Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus; Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca;  polyurethane foam; reactive black 5 dye

Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5

Immobilising lignilolytic fungus for removing reactive black 5 dye Resumen: La presencia de colorantes azoicos en aguas residuales de la industria textil es un problema ambiental y sanitario, porque muchos de estos compuestos son cancerígenos. Los tratamientos biológicos son una alternativa para la remoción de ese tipo de colorantes. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de tres hongos de podredumbre blanca, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium sobre la decoloración de un agua que contiene colorante negro reactivo 5 (NR5), ampliamente usado en la industria textil. Se estudió la inmovilización de estos hongos en dos soportes, espuma de poliuretano y estropajo (L. cylíndrica) para seleccionar el mejor soporte y el hongo con mayor capacidad para la decoloración. Ambos soportes fueron igualmente efectivos, pero se seleccionó estropajo por ser un producto natural. El hongo que generó los mayores porcentajes de decoloración en 4 días fue Trametes versicolor, con 96%, 98% y 98% para agua con concentración de NR5 300 ppm, 150 ppm y 75 ppm, respectivamente. La actividad lacasa para cada concentración de NR5 fue 8 U L-1, 7 U L-1 y 5 U L-1.Palabras clave: , Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5. Abstract: Waste water from the textile industry represents a major environmental and health problem because it contains azo dyes whose carcirogenic effect has been tested in research. Biological treatment represents a valuable alternative for removing these dyes. The effect of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium rot fungi on decoloration of water containing reactive black five (NR5) textile dye was evaluated in this work. Immobilising the fungi on polyurethane foam and luffa sponge (Luffa cylindrica) supports was studied in order to select the best support and the fungi having the best decolorisation. Both supports were equally effective; however, the luffa sponge was selected as being a natural product. Trametes versicolor produced the highest decolorisation percentages in four days (96%, 98% and 98% for 300 ppm, 150 ppm and 75 ppm NR5 concentrations, respectively) while lacase enzyme activity was 8 UL-1, 7 UL-1 and 5 UL-1 for each of them.Key words: Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus; Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca;  polyurethane foam; reactive black 5 dye

Inmovilización de hongos ligninolíticos para la remoción del colorante negro reactivo 5

Immobilising lignilolytic fungus for removing reactive black 5 dye Resumen: La presencia de colorantes azoicos en aguas residuales de la industria textil es un problema ambiental y sanitario, porque muchos de estos compuestos son cancerígenos. Los tratamientos biológicos son una alternativa para la remoción de ese tipo de colorantes. En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de tres hongos de podredumbre blanca, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium sobre la decoloración de un agua que contiene colorante negro reactivo 5 (NR5), ampliamente usado en la industria textil. Se estudió la inmovilización de estos hongos en dos soportes, espuma de poliuretano y estropajo (L. cylíndrica) para seleccionar el mejor soporte y el hongo con mayor capacidad para la decoloración. Ambos soportes fueron igualmente efectivos, pero se seleccionó estropajo por ser un producto natural. El hongo que generó los mayores porcentajes de decoloración en 4 días fue Trametes versicolor, con 96%, 98% y 98% para agua con concentración de NR5 300 ppm, 150 ppm y 75 ppm, respectivamente. La actividad lacasa para cada concentración de NR5 fue 8 U L-1, 7 U L-1 y 5 U L-1.Palabras clave: , Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus y Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca; espuma de poliuretano y negro reactivo 5. Abstract: Waste water from the textile industry represents a major environmental and health problem because it contains azo dyes whose carcirogenic effect has been tested in research. Biological treatment represents a valuable alternative for removing these dyes. The effect of Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium rot fungi on decoloration of water containing reactive black five (NR5) textile dye was evaluated in this work. Immobilising the fungi on polyurethane foam and luffa sponge (Luffa cylindrica) supports was studied in order to select the best support and the fungi having the best decolorisation. Both supports were equally effective; however, the luffa sponge was selected as being a natural product. Trametes versicolor produced the highest decolorisation percentages in four days (96%, 98% and 98% for 300 ppm, 150 ppm and 75 ppm NR5 concentrations, respectively) while lacase enzyme activity was 8 UL-1, 7 UL-1 and 5 UL-1 for each of them.Key words: Trametes versicolor; Pleurotus ostreatus; Phanerochaete chrysosporium Luffa cylindrinca;  polyurethane foam; reactive black 5 dye.</p

Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from floriculture residues using Pleurotus ostreatus

Floriculture is a vital agro-industrial sector in the Colombian economy; the export of flowers positively impacts employment and the balance of trade. However, this industry could negatively impact the environment if its waste products are not handled properly. These flower residues, rich in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, could be a cost-effective raw material to produce enzymes. Here, we evaluate the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by degradation of Chrysanthemum and Rosa residues using Pleurotus ostreatus, and manganese sulfate and copper sulfate as inductors. From the two residues, we obtained laccase, manganese peroxidase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. The use of inductors, favored all enzyme activities except for β-glucosidase. The enzymes that displayed the highest activity were laccase (4,693.4 U/L and 2,640 U/L from the residues of Chrysanthemum and Rosa, respectively) and β-glucosidase (9,513 U/L and 6,811.9 U/L). The enzyme that showed the lowest activity was endoglucanase (11.5 U/L and 15.4 U/L). Under the conditions evaluated, the best substrate for enzyme production is Chrysanthemum wastes; the extracts obtained had higher enzymatic activity than the extracts from Rosa residues

A Brief History of Colour, the Environmental Impact of Synthetic Dyes and Removal by Using Laccases

The history of colour is fascinating from a social and artistic viewpoint because it shows the way; use; and importance acquired. The use of colours date back to the Stone Age (the first news of cave paintings); colour has contributed to the social and symbolic development of civilizations. Colour has been associated with hierarchy; power and leadership in some of them. The advent of synthetic dyes has revolutionized the colour industry; and due to their low cost; their use has spread to different industrial sectors. Although the percentage of coloured wastewater discharged by the textile; food; pharmaceutical; cosmetic; and paper industries; among other productive areas; are unknown; the toxic effect and ecological implications of this discharged into water bodies are harmful. This review briefly shows the social and artistic history surrounding the discovery and use of natural and synthetic dyes. We summarise the environmental impact caused by the discharge of untreated or poorly treated coloured wastewater to water bodies; which has led to physical; chemical and biological treatments to reduce the colour units so as important physicochemical parameters. We also focus on laccase utility (EC 1.10.3.2), for discolouration enzymatic treatment of coloured wastewater, before its discharge into water bodies. Laccases (p-diphenol: oxidoreductase dioxide) are multicopper oxidoreductase enzymes widely distributed in plants, insects, bacteria, and fungi. Fungal laccases have employed for wastewater colour removal due to their high redox potential. This review includes an analysis of the stability of laccases, the factors that influence production at high scales to achieve discolouration of high volumes of contaminated wastewater, the biotechnological impact of laccases, and the degradation routes that some dyes may follow when using the laccase for colour remova

Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from floriculture residues using Pleurotus ostreatus

Floriculture is a vital agro-industrial sector in the Colombian economy; the export of flowers positively impacts employment and the balance of trade. However, this industry could negatively impact the environment if its waste products are not handled properly. These flower residues, rich in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, could be a cost-effective raw material to produce enzymes. Here, we evaluate the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by degradation of Chrysanthemum and Rosa residues using Pleurotus ostreatus, and manganese sulfate and copper sulfate as inductors. From the two residues, we obtained laccase, manganese peroxidase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. The use of inductors, favored all enzyme activities except for β-glucosidase. The enzymes that displayed the highest activity were laccase (4,693.4 U/L and 2,640 U/L from the residues of Chrysanthemum and Rosa, respectively) and β-glucosidase (9,513 U/L and 6,811.9 U/L). The enzyme that showed the lowest activity was endoglucanase (11.5 U/L and 15.4 U/L). Under the conditions evaluated, the best substrate for enzyme production is Chrysanthemum wastes; the extracts obtained had higher enzymatic activity than the extracts from Rosa residues