STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS DRIVEN SHOULDER ARTHROPLASTY

Shoulder arthroplasty, the most common treatment option for patients diagnosed with end-stage glenohumeral osteoarthritis, is able to provide pain relief and restore some functionality. However, this highly advanced surgical procedure often suffers from a major complication of glenoid prosthesis loosening. The problem is magnified during repeat surgeries mainly due to the minimal quantity of bone in the glenoid vault. The goals of this dissertation were to perform structural analysis of normal and osteoarthritic glenoid, evaluate glenoid design variable effects on restoring long-lasting functionality to damaged shoulders, and create a finite element model (FEM)-based simulation process for computing subject-specific internal glenoid bone remodeling.3D computer models of normal and osteoarthritic scapulae were created using high-resolution volumetric computed tomography images. The computer models were used for glenoid structural analyses. The morphological measurements were comparable to prior studies. The glenoid was found to be approximated by geometric analogs. The osteoarthritic scapula was highly retroverted compared to the normal, and had relatively higher glenoid bone density. Internal glenoid morphology was quantified for the first time. Two and three dimensional stress analysis was used to compare glenoid prosthesis design variables. A custom program assigned location-specific material properties to the bone elements, based on the computed tomography data, making the FEMs similar to the actual scapula. Cemented or uncemeneted polyethylene pegs, compared to metal, gave stresses comparable to intact scapula.Two dimensional FEM based simulation process for normal glenoid bone remodeling was successfully created and validated. The "element" approach better predicted the actual specimen bone density distribution than the "node". Some of the findings agreed with past studies that is, obtaining "checkerboard" pattern in the "element" approach. The various combinations of multiple loads had minimal effect on the predicted bone density distribution.The computer modeling, numerical stress analysis, and the simulated bone remodeling allowed successful glenoid structural analysis. The approach adopted improved our understanding of the glenoid prosthesis and successful shoulder arthroplasty

National Innovation System in the Era of Liberalization: Implications for Science and Technology Policy for Developing Economies

The national system of innovations in the recent phase of globalization has undergone dramatic structural transformation. Innovations entails organizational as well as changes in the rules of the game. The history of economic development of the developing and newly industrializing economies shows that national systems of innovation have evolved keeping in view the most pressing requirements of the national economic development. The knowledge generation and transmission are the two essential characteristics of national innovation system that connects the users and producers of knowledge and also allows institutional arrangements to functions as a feedback system. The institutional arrangements are being altered substantially to allow capital to move freely across national borders on the one side and strict trade related intellectual property rights on the other. How these arrangements have affected the national system of innovation both in the developed and developing countries during the recent liberalisation phase of economic development? In this paper an attempt has been made to provide some plausible answers to this question. Input and output indicators have been used with a view to unravel the dramatic structural changes occurring both in the economic and innovation structure of the global economy. The internationalisation of R&D expenditure and its implications for revealed comparative advantage have been examined in order to understand the direction of change during the era of liberalisation. The suitable changes in the science and technology policy have been suggested to strengthen the national system of innovation for generating unique competitive advantage in the developing countries.National system of innovation; structural transformation; input and output measures of innovations; revealed competitive advantage; public policy; internationalisation of R&D; intellectual property rights

Technological Capability, Employment Growth and Industrial Development: A Quantitative Anatomy of Indian Scenario

The recent spurt of economic growth in India has been described as ‘jobless growth’. In this paper an attempt has been made to examine the question of when industrial development provides required dynamism for generating desired employment opportunities for labour force and when it does not. An industrial technological capability based approach has been adopted to analyse the Indian Industrial development experience during the period 1980 to 2005, which is a quarter century time period. The main finding that emerged from the empirical evidence is that the medium-high-tech industries have shown dynamism in terms of generating employment growth. The labour market regulation view put forward by various scholars supporting the liberalisation policies could not stand the scrutiny of clear demarcation among job creating and job destroying industries under the same circumstances. The relationship between industrial technological capabilities and employment growth turns out to be ambiguous. This implies that weak technological capabilities adversely affect employment growth and heavy dependence on imported technological know-how from the developed countries is labour displacing. It is thus suggested that developing countries should invest both in institutions and industrial firms to develop technological development that suits to resource endowment, specificities of local conditions and suitable to the stage of industrial development. There is a dire need to explore alternative paths of industrial and technological capability development to sustain economic transformation process for achieving prosperity and reducing the time for catch-up development.Industrial development, jobless growth, technological capabilities, employment elasticities

Frontiers of research in NDE

Research is normally defined as original investigation undertaken in order to gain knowledge and understanding. Research can be work of direct relevance to the needs of the particular field, qualitative or can be based on fundamental analysis. Frontiers of Research refers to the invention and generation of ideas including design, where these can lead to new technologies or improved materials and processes or substantially improve insights of fundamental mechanisms

The dissolution of magnesium in strong acids

The rapidly growing demand for magnesium and magnesium-base alloys in the manufacture of aircraft has led to a great amount of research into the corrosion characteristics of these materials. The result of such research has been the development of suitable magnesium alloys and protective coatings to retard corrosion. The standard electrode potential of magnesium lies between -2.35 volts and -2.54 volts at 25⁰C (hydrogen scale). Thus, magnesium lies next to aluminium in the electrochemical series of elements. The atmospheric corrosion of magnesium has been studied under conditions of indoor and outdoor exposure. Under these conditions the initial attack is formation of a hydroxide film which has a tendency to absorb carbon dioxide and moisture from the air. As a pure metal, magnesium is attacked rapidly by hydrochloric, perchloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids. In hydrofluoric acid the metal does not corrode at an appreciable rate. Magnesium metal is rarely, if ever, used in unalloyed conditions for structural purposes. The corrosion rate is retarded by alloying the metal with small quantities of aluminium, manganese, and zinc. The purpose of this present investigation was to study the dissolution of magnesium in strong acids. It was also aimed to investigate whether magnesium metal exhibits uncommon valence characteristics as reported in the literature. The strong acids included hydrochloric, perchloric, and sulfuric acids --Introduction, pages 1-2

Studies with 60Co-Radiated Guar (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba) (L.) Taub

Author Institution: Academic Faculty of Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OhioDry seeds of G-II (bushy, fodder type) and G-IV (erect, pod type) varieties of Punjab guar {Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) were radiated with gamma rays using 60Co as source of radiation. The doses applied were 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 r. The radiation speeded up germination, increased the rate of root growth, and expanded the range of plant height and stem girth in the generation from the radiated seeds (Ri). Other morphological variants in Ri were: Chlorophyll defects, small-leaved and small-poded types, unusually tall and unusually small plants, and chimaeras for pod and leaf size. In R2 none of the above characters excepting chlorophyll defects appeared, thus establishing that non-genetic changes were responsible for other variations. In R2 and R3, however, segregation was observed for plant height and branching from both G-II and G-IV. In no case were the number of genes involved determined

Use of gaseous ozone to prevent post-harvest microbial spoilage of leafy produce

PhD ThesisFresh leafy salads suffer from post-harvest microbial contamination and decay. Due to increasing pesticide resistance and consumer pressures, residue free alternatives, such as ozone, are being actively explored and encouraged to reduce microbial loads of crops in storage/transit. Previous work has demonstrated that long-term exposure to low concentrations of ozone can be effective in retarding the degradation of some fruit and vegetable. Much less is known about the potential of ozone-exposure to protect leafy produce. The first goal of this project was to determine ozone exposure levels that did not damage produce, but reduced microbial loads significantly. Different produce types exhibited varying abilities to resist ozone damage, e.g. coriander and rocket were relatively resistant to ozone (10 ppm for 10 min); while spinach, watercress and lettuce were more sensitive (1 ppm for 10 min). These ozone exposure levels reduced bacterial loads by at least 1-log. Confocal microscopy confirmed that some bacterial cells (1−10%) survived ozone treatment. These visual observations demonstrated heterogeneity in the resistance of the leaf surface microflora to ozone treatment. It was tested if colony age and/or stress (e.g. cold) may be responsible for the variation in ozone resistance observed. Stressed cells of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from coriander exhibited greater resistance to ozone than control cells. Subsequent gene expression analysis using RNA-Seq technology of stressed cells showed significant changes in the expression of genes related to stress resistance compared to controls. In particular, it was observed that in aged colonies, about 90% of the changes in gene expression mapped to one gene, a non-coding RNA that is part of RNase P. Many of the genes showing differential expression were involved in energy production and transport, motility or cell wall/membrane integrity. This improved mechanistic understanding of ozone resistance may lead to novel anti-microbial treatments. As there are growing concerns about the contamination of leafy products with pathogens resulting in food poisoning the final part of this work focused on the potential of ozone to inactivate food pathogens on leafy produce. Results showed that this treatment significantly reduced E. coli and Listeria spp. on spinach, and the pathogens did not re-grow after treatment over a 9-day storage period. v It was concluded that gaseous ozone treatment is worthy of further exploration as a potential commercial tool to improve the safety of fresh leafy salads and herbs, and reduce microbial spoilage.HDC (Horticultural Development Company) for funding my PhD Studentship in conjunction with Vitacress Salads Ltd, Intercrop Ltd, Geneius Laboratories Ltd and Biofresh Ltd