Padrões alimentares de mulheres adultas residentes em área urbana no sul do Brasil Dietary patterns of adult women living in an urban area of Southern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Explorar a existência de padrões alimentares em mulheres adultas e fornecer dados para validação do instrumento utilizado. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com amostra representativa de 1.026 mulheres adultas (20 a 60 anos de idade), residentes na região do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, 2003. O instrumento utilizado para explorar os padrões alimentares foi o Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar, constituído de 70 itens. Para a identificação dos padrões alimentares utilizou-se a análise fatorial de componentes principais. RESULTADOS: O índice de confiança da análise fatorial foi verificado por meio do determinante da matriz de correlação (6,28-4), da medida de adequação amostral (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin=0,823) e do teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (chi&sup2;(1225)=7406,39; p<0,001), todos com resultados satisfatórios, garantindo o uso desta ferramenta. Foi possível identificar cinco padrões alimentares, com 10 alimentos cada um, denominados de: padrão alimentar saudável custo 1, padrão alimentar saudável custo 2, padrão alimentar saudável custo 3, padrão alimentar de risco custo 1 e padrão alimentar de risco custo 3. CONCLUSÕES: Foi possível identificar cinco padrões alimentares nas mulheres adultas estudadas, com diferenças de custos entre eles. Esses resultados sugerem que o custo pode ser um dos determinantes da escolha e consumo dos alimentos.<br>OBJECTIVE: To explore the dietary patterns of adult women and to provide information for validating the instrument used. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sampling of 1,026 women aged 20 to 60 years living in Southeastern Brazil, in 2003. A 70-item food frequency questionnaire was used to measure food intake. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis. RESULTS: The reliability of factor analysis was assessed through the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin statistic, that was equal to 0.823, the Bartlett test of sphericity, which reached statistical significance (chi&sup2;(1225)=7406.39; p<0.001), and the determinant of the correlation matrix (6,28-4). Five dietary patterns were identified, each one consisting of 10 items (foods), which were grouped as healthy food pattern cost 1, healthy food pattern cost 2, healthy food pattern cost 3, risk food pattern cost 1 and risk food pattern cost 3. CONCLUSIONS: There were identified five dietary patterns among adult women. There was a clear difference in terms of the cost of these patterns. These findings suggest that cost may be one of the determinants of food choice and food intake in this population

Global distribution of alveolar and cystic echinococcosis

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology

Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species.

International audienceThe genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies