Definable and Contractible Contracts

This paper analyzes Bayesian normal form games in which players write contracts that condition their actions on the contracts of the other players. These contracts are required to be representable in a formal language. This is accomplished by constructing contracts which are definable functions of the Godel code of every other player's contract. We provide a complete characterization of the set of allocations supportable as pure strategy Bayesian equilibrium of this contracting game. When information is complete, this characterization provides a folk theorem. In general, the set of supportable allocations is smaller than the set supportable by a centralized mechanism designer.

Systems biology of energetic and atomic costs in the yeast transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome

Proteins vary in their cost to the cell and natural selection may favour the use of proteins that are cheaper to produce. We develop a novel approach to estimate the amino acid biosynthetic cost based on genome-scale metabolic models, and directly investigate the effects of biosynthetic cost on transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic data in _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_. We find that our systems approach to formulating biosynthetic cost produces a novel measure that explains similar levels of variation in gene expression compared with previously reported cost measures. Regardless of the measure used, the cost of amino acid synthesis is weakly associated with transcript and protein levels, independent of codon usage bias. In contrast, energetic costs explain a large proportion of variation in levels of free amino acids. In the economy of the yeast cell, there appears to be no single currency to compute the cost of amino acid synthesis, and thus a systems approach is necessary to uncover the full effects of amino acid biosynthetic cost in complex biological systems that vary with cellular and environmental conditions

Targeting receptor tyrosine kinases in malignant pleural mesothelioma: Focus on FGF-receptors

Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) constitute a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. Four different receptors, FGFR1-4, bind 18 different fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and signal mainly along the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and the phospholipase c gamma (PLC?) pathway. Physiologically, they are major regulators of embryonic development and metabolism. Deregulation of FGFR signals is increasingly recognized to play important roles in malignant diseases and may constitute a feasible therapeutic target. We recently investigated their role in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), an aggressive malignancy mainly caused by asbestos exposure and with currently limited therapeutic options. We demonstrated high expression of several FGFs/FGFRs, especially FGFR1, FGF2 and FGF18 in cultured tumor cells and tissue specimens and identified FGFR-mediated signals as major driver of MPM cell growth, survival and migration. FGFR blockade by a tyrosine kinase inhibitor or by a dominant-negative receptor construct resulted in reduced MPM growth in vitro and in vivo and, furthermore, enhanced the efficacy of chemo- or radiotherapy. Several other receptor tyrosine kinases, including EGFR, MET and AXL were found to be overexpressed in MPM but translation into clinically successful therapeutic approaches has not yet been achieved. Inhibition of FGF-receptors may have the advantage of targeting both the tumor cells as well as the tumor vasculature and should be further evaluated

Polynomial systems admitting a simultaneous solution

We provide a complete description of the ideal that serves as the resultant ideal for n univariate polynomials of degree d. We in particular describe a set of generators of this resultant ideal arising as maximal minors of a set of cascading matrices formed from the coefficients of the polynomials, generalising the classical Sylvester resultant of two polynomials.Comment: 9 page

The Parent Diarsene HAs=AsH as side-on bound ligand in an Iron Carbonyl Complex

The terminal diarsene HAs=AsH ligand attracts special interest concerning its bonding relation in comparison to its isolable relative, ethene. Herein, by the methanolysis of [{Fe(CO)4}As(SiMe3)3] (1) the synthesis of [{Fe(CO)4}(η2‐As2H2)] (2) is reported, containing a parent diarsene as unprecedented side‐on coordinated ligand. Following this synthetic route, also the D‐labeled complex [{Fe(CO)4}(η2‐As2D2)] (2D) could be isolated. The electronic structure and bonding situation of 2 was elucidated by DFT calculations revealing that 2 is best described as an olefin‐like complex. Moreover, the reactivity of 2 towards the Lewis acids [{M(CO)5}(thf)] (M=Cr, W) was investigated, leading to the complexes [Fe(CO)4AsHW(CO)5]2 (3) and [{Fe(CO)4}2AsH{Cr(CO)5}] (4), respectively