Análise do meio físico para avaliação das limitações ambientais.

Embora semelhante do ponto de vista macroclimatico, ecossistemas contiguos podem apresentar profundas diferencas no aspectos microclimatico, bem como na disponibilidade de agua e envolvendo componentes de clima, de solo e vegetacao, faz com que as analises para estratificacao ambiental reunam um numero relativamente grande de informações que nem sempre estao sistematizadas. Por outro lado, o caracter interativo das relacoes existentes torna o processo complexo, demandando uma abordagem estratificacao de ambientes em termos de radiacao, disponibilidade de agua e nutrientes e de alguns fatores coadjuvantes. Em virtude de a grande maioria dos criterios utilizados para estratificacao de ambientes serem de uso corrente nos estudos de mapeamentos de solos, sugere-se a classe de solo como elemento estratificador de ambientes

Students Engagement in School, Giftedness and Creativity: A literature review

Este E-Book reúne um conjunto de investigações apresentadas no “I Congresso Internacional Envolvimento dos Alunos na Escola: Perspetivas da Psicologia e Educação” (ICIEAE), organizado no âmbito do “Projeto PTDC/CPE-CED/114362/2009 - Envolvimento dos Alunos na Escola: Diferenciação e Promoção” (EAE-DP), financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).Background: The importance of the construct “students engagement in school” (SES) has been recently pointed out in research and literature; however, there is a lack of studies about the relationship between this variable and personal variables, such as giftedness and creativity. These latter variables are conceptualized as a result of the convergence of personal and contextual variables, in which development and learning processes play a relevant role. Giftedness has been studied in its relationship with creativity, which, in turn, appears related to school context. Purpose: This article reviews the literature on the relation between students’ engagement in school and each of the variables of students’ giftedness and students’ creativity, as perceived by the students and their teachers. The importance of this relation arises from the idea that students perceived as having above average capacities, or as creative, have high motivation for learning and engagement in school. Giftedness has been studied in its relationship with creativity, which, in turn, appears related to school context. Method: In order to describe the state of art of student’s engagement in school and Giftedness and Creativity, we prepared a narrative review. Conclusions: Although studies on the relationship between creativity, giftedness and the students’ behavior require further research, the use of creativity as a teaching-learning instrument appears related to school satisfaction and students’ academic performance. The literature review highlights the need to develop research, particularly of quasi-experimental type, on the relationship between students’ engagement in school and the variables giftedness and creativity, as well as on its effects on academic achievement

Can mothers rely on the Brazilian health system for their deliveries? An assessment of use of the public system and out-of-pocket expenditure in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study, Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In a country where comprehensive free health care is provided via a public health system (SUS), an unexpected high frequency of catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure has been described. We studied how deliveries were financed among mothers of a birth cohort and whether they were an important source of household out-of-pocket expenditure.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>All deliveries occurring in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, during 2004, were recruited for a birth cohort study. All mothers were interviewed just after birth and three months later. Comprehensive data on the pregnancy, delivery, birth conditions and newborn health were collected, along with detailed information on expenses related to the delivery.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The majority of the deliveries (81%) were financed by the public health system, a proportion that increased to more than 95% among the 40% poorest mothers. Less than 1% of these mothers reported some out-of-pocket expenditure. Even among those mothers covered by a private health plan, nearly 50% of births were financed by the SUS. Among the 20% richest, a third of the deliveries were paid by the SUS, 50% by private health plans and 17% by direct payment.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The public health system offered services in quantity and quality enough to attract even beneficiaries of private health plans and spared mothers from the poorest strata of the population of practically any expense.</p

Amostragem de solo em area com adubacao fosfatada aplicada a lanco e no sulco de plantio.

Visando estudar o procedimento de amostragem de solo para determinacao do teor de fosforo disponivel pelo metodo de Mehlich, utilizou-se um experimento de milho que havia recebido diferentes niveis de adubacao fosfatada a lanco e no sulco de plantio em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro, textura argilosa, fase cerrado. Nos dois anos de duracao do ensaio, apos a colheita do milho e antes da aracao e gradeacao dos terreno, foram retiradas de cada tratamento, dez amostras simples nas entrelinhas e dez nos sulcos de plantio na parcela util com 8m2 para compo amostras das entrelinhas e do sulco. Dessas amostras, formaram-se amostras compostas com diferentes porcentagens (em peso) da terra proveniente dos sulcos de plantio e das entrelinhas. No segundo ano do ensaio, o mesmo procedimento foi efetuado apos a aracao e gradeacao do terreno. Quando o solo foi amostrado antes do preparo mecanico, os teores de fosforo disponivel, tanto no primeiro como no segundo ano, variaram com a adubacao a lanco, com a adubacao no sulco de plantio e com as diferentes porcentagens de mistura da terra. Apos o preparo mecanico do solo, foi observado diferenca significativa no teor de fosforo disponivel apenas quando a adubacao foi efetuada a lanco. Constatou-se tambem que o fosforo extraido variou linearmente com a terra proveniente do sulco de plantio, dentro de cada nivel de adubacao a lanco, e que os maiores valores de P foram obtidos com as amostras tomadas so no sulco de plantio