Promoting Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Creating an Intellectual Property Regime to Facilitate the Efficient Transfer of Knowledge from the Lab to the Patient

In 2014, the European Commission announced the launch of a study of knowledge transfer by public research organizations and other institutes of higher learning “to determine which additional measures might be needed to ensure an optimal flow of knowledge between the public research organisations and business thereby contributing to the development of the knowledge based economy.” As the European Commission has recognized, the European Union (“EU”) needs to take action to “unlock the potential of IPRs [intellectual property rights] that lie dormant in universities, research institutes and companies.” This article builds on our earlier work on structuring efficient pharmaceutical public-private partnerships (“PPPPs”), but focuses on the regulatory infrastructure necessary to support the efficient commercialization of publicly funded university medical research in both the European Union and the United States (“U.S.”). Our comparative analysis of the EU and U.S. approaches to translational medicine shows that there are lessons to be shared. The EU can apply the experiences from the U.S. Bayh-Dole Act and PPPPs in the United States, and the United States can emulate certain of the open innovation aspects of the European Innovative Medicines Initiative and the tighter patenting standards imposed by the European Patent Office. Thus, a secondary purpose of this article is suggesting amendments to the U.S. laws governing the patenting and licensing of government-funded technology to prevent undue burdens on the sharing of certain upstream medical discoveries and research tools

Objective Uncertainty in Boundary by Acquiescence: Halladay v. Cluff

El presente estudio tiene como objetivo de mejorar la productividad en el área de despacho en la empresa PRODAC S.A. Ventanilla-Callao 2018, para mejorar en los tiempos de los despachos utilizando los estudio de tiempo que va permitir determinar el tiempo de traslado de un lugar de acuerdo su dimensión , volumen y peso; y el estudio de método permite visualizar el desarrollar las tarea con el objeto de determinar las mejoras de dicha operación y así aumentar la productividad mediante la eficiencia y la eficacia del personal, el control de tiempos y la satisfacción de atención en los clientes externos. La investigación tiene un diseño cuasi experimental de tipo aplicada ya que se determinará la mejora mediante la teoría ya creada del estudio de trabajo, las recolecciones de datos y muestras de tiempos demostrara las horas muertas que ocasionan demora en el área de despachos y teniendo un control de tiempos para pronosticar la capacidad de tonelaje de despachar. El objetivo principal de la investigación es determinar las consecuencias que demora los despachos, mediante el estudio se lograra obtener datos reales en los diferentes productos que se carga en el área de despacho en cuando a su actividad, tiempo de operación y capacidad real. También de incrementar la productividad sin recurrir a inversiones grandes de capital y contratación de la mano de obra, lo cual debe conseguir de disminuir los tiempos muertos y el tiempo improductivo que afecte el despacho en el área

Changing professional discourses in teacher education policy back towards a training paradigm : a comparative study

Modern definitions of professions connect professional knowledge to scientific studies and higher education. In the present article we examine the changing nature of this relationship in initial teacher education in two European countries: Sweden and England. The article is based on policy analyses from recent decades of teacher education reforms. The findings suggest a policy convergence through a shared policy return that has moved teacher education back toward a teacher training paradigm

The marginalisation of social justice as a form of knowledge in teacher education in England

This paper utilises the analytical concepts developed in the work of Basil Bernstein to reflect on the ways in which discourses such as social justice are especially vulnerable in teacher education in England. In particular, under new-managerial regimes the forms of knowledge which are emphasised and valued focus on the instrumental and performative. As a consequence, critical and vertical forms of knowledge associated with social justice in teacher education are either absent or marginalised and reframed away from an appreciation and awareness of the structural and economic causes of inequality. Moreover, the criteria needed to effectively introduce social justice as a knowledge base in teacher education are positioned antithetically to neo-liberalism–neo-conservatism, making them arguably impossible to achieve within the current system of education in England

Evaluation of Sprinkler Irrigation Systems in Northern Utah

Summary and Conclusions: Sprinkler irrigation will continue to expand in Utah as well as in other irrigated areas of the world. This method of irrigation is suitable to all farm crops grown in the state and to most soils. It is particularly adapted to steep foothill areas where the water supply can be obtained at higher elevation and pumping is not necessary to develop pressure for the sprinkler systems. Also, much of the irrigated land of the state, particularly along the Wasatch front, is owned and operated by part-time farmers. Having the water under complete control and the irrigation schedule worked out to fit their needs can be of great value. However, canal companies must change existing water delivery schedules to make sprinkler irrigation workable. This method of irrigation is most satisfactory with small more nearly continuous flows of water during the peak use period instead of large intermittent deliveries. Maximum benefit from a sprinkler irrigation system cannot be realized unless it is properly designed and operated. Development of a successfully designed system and its operation require a knowledge and understanding of the complex plant, soil, and water relations. These factors must be considered and the system then designed to meet the farmer\u27s desires and work schedule. It should be the responsibility of the sprinkler system designer not only to install the equipment properly, but to train the farmer in its correct use. The following conclusions can be drawn from the sprinkler irrigation studies conducted in northern Utah during 1953 and 1954. 1. Suitable sprinkler systems for northern Utah lands will probabily cost from $75 to$85 per care, based on 1954 prices. 2. More than 40 percent of the sprinkler systems studied are inadequately designed to meet peak water use requirements. Of the others, about 15 percent have not been meeting these demands because of improper operation. 3. Farmers generally are not applying sufficient water each irrigation for optimum crop growth or minimum water application cost. 4. The sprinkler system must be capable of delivering a water suppply of about 10 gallons per minute per acre flow during the hottest part of the summer for the crops and conditions found in northern Utah. One major reason for this large flow requirement is that field shapes are irregular. 5. Total labor requirements will be a minimum of one man-hour per acre per irrigation. 6. Water-cooled gasoline power units are using an average of 0.15 gallon of fuel per brake horsepower required each hour. Properly applied power units in good condition will operate more efficiently. Diesel power units are consuming an average of 0.08 gallon of fuel per brake horsepower each hour. This study clearly demonstrated taht each farm presents a wide variety of problems which must be solved in various ways. The simple fact that every farm and farmer is different precludes the possibility of being able to go into a deparment store and purchase a package sprinkler unit that will meet the farmer\u27s needs

Is Plan Colombia a Model? An Analysis of Counternarcotics Strategies in Colombia

This article examines Plan Colombia, which began as a counternarcotics program in 2000. The U.S. has allocated more than $8 billion to the country via Plan Colombia from 2000 to 2012. The article examines some of the successes of Plan Colombia. Some experts and policymakers have touted Plan Colombia as a model for other countries facing problems with drug trafficking, organized crime, and insurgency. This work focuses on the lessons learned from Plan Colombia and provides a critical perspective of the concept of models

Simulation of fractionally damped mechanical systems by means of a Newmark-diffusive scheme

A Newmark-diffusive scheme is presented for the time-domain solution of dynamic systems containing fractional derivatives. This scheme combines a classical Newmark time-integration method used to solve second-order mechanical systems (obtained for example after finite element discretization), with a diffusive representation based on the transformation of the fractional operator into a diagonal system of linear differential equations, which can be seen as internal memory variables. The focus is given on the algorithm implementation into a finite element framework, the strategies for choosing diffusive parameters, and applications to beam structures with a fractional Zener model

Microwave-assisted synthesis of 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophene scaffolds for the preparation of kinase inhibitors

Microwave irradiation of 2-halobenzonitriles and methyl thioglycolate in the presence of triethylamine in DMSO at 130 °C provides rapid access to 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophenes in 58–96% yield. This transformation has been applied in the synthesis of the thieno[2,3-b]pyridine core motif of LIMK1 inhibitors, the benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-e][1,4]diazepin-5(2H)-one scaffold of MK2 inhibitors and a benzo[4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-one inhibitor of the PIM kinases