Etiology of acute scrotal pain in children and adolescent patients admitted in Ahvaz Educational Hospitals

Purpose Acute scrotum is an emergency condition requiring rapid intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological specifications of acute scrotum.Patients and methods This retrospective study was carried out on patients less than 21 years admitted with a diagnosis of acute scrotum in the surgical and medical wards from 2009 to 2010. One hundred and thirty-nine patients were included in this study. Epi-info version 6.4 (CDC) was used for data analysis.Results The final diagnoses were as follows: spermatic cord torsion (n =57, 41.00%), incarcerated inguinal hernia (n =30, 21.60%), epididymo-orchitis (n= 28, 20.14%), missed torsion (n =15, 10.79%), testicular trauma (n=5, 3.60%), and torsion of the appendix of the testis (n= 4, 2.87%). The most common age groups in relation to the diagnoses were as follows: testicular torsion and missed torsion (10–15 years, 34.7%), torsion of appendix testis (10–15 years, 100%), epididymo-orchitis (15–21 years, 85.71%), and incarcerated inguinal hernia with two peaks of age ( <5 years, 46.7%). Fifty-eight patients (41.72%) visited the hospital less than 6 h after the onset of pain. Twenty-eight patients underwent orchiectomy or orchiopexy and 38 patients underwent detorsion and bilateral orchiopexy. A herniotomy was performed in 15 patients and herniorraphy in 10 patients. An appendectomy was performed in four patients. Other procedures were carried out in seven patients. Out of 72 patients diagnosed with torsion (57 patients) or missed torsion (15 patients), 38 patients (52.7%) underwent a testicular salvage surgery (detorsion and orchiopexy). Out of all patients (139 patients), 92 patients underwent surgery and the rest (47 patients) were treated conservatively. These 47 patients had epididymo-orchitis (n= 28), testicular trauma (n =4), incarcerated inguinal hernia (n= 5), and missed torsion and testicular torsion (n= 10). Out of 27 patients with abnormal urinary findings, 19 patients had epididymo-orchitis.Conclusion The most common important differential diagnosis for acute scrotum is spermatic cord torsion. Most of the abnormal urinary findings were observed in patients with epididymo-orchitis. Most of the patients underwent surgery less than 6 h of disease onset. In patients with spermatic cord torsion, the affected testis has to be evaluated and treated during the first 6 h of presentation.Keywords: epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, herniotomy, hydrocele, inguinal hernia, orchiopexy, scrotum, testicular torsion, traum

Breaking anonymity of some recent lightweight RFID authentication protocols

Due to their impressive advantages, Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems are ubiquitously found in various novel applications. These applications are usually in need of quick and accurate authentication or identification. In many cases, it has been shown that if such systems are not properly designed, an adversary can cause security and privacy concerns for end-users. In order to deal with these concerns, impressive endeavors have been made which have resulted in various RFID authentications being proposed. In this study, we analyze three lightweight RFID authentication protocols proposed in Wireless Personal Communications (2014), Computers & Security (2015) and Wireless Networks (2016). We show that none of the studied protocols provides the desired security and privacy required by the end-users. We present various security and privacy attacks such as secret parameter reveal, impersonation, DoS, traceability, and forward traceability against the studied protocols. Our attacks are mounted in the Ouafi–Phan RFID formal privacy model which is a modified version of the well-known Juels–Weis privacy model