Malnutrition Has No Effect on the Timing of Human Tooth Formation

The effect of nutrition on the timing of human tooth formation is poorly understood. Delays and advancements in dental maturation have all been reported as well as no effect. We investigated the effect of severe malnutrition on the timing of human tooth formation in a large representative sample of North Sudanese children. The sample (1102 males, 1013 females) consisted of stratified randomly selected healthy individuals in Khartoum, Sudan, aged 2-22 years using a cross-sectional design following the STROBE statement. Nutritional status was defined using WHO criteria of height and weight. Body mass index Z-scores and height for age Z-scores of ≤-2 (cut-off) were used to identify the malnourished group (N = 474) while the normal was defined by Z-scores of ≥0 (N = 799). Clinical and radiographic examination of individuals, with known ages of birth was performed including height and weight measurements. Mandibular left permanent teeth were assessed using eight crown and seven root established tooth formation stages. Mean age at entry and mean age within tooth stages were calculated for each available tooth stage in each group and compared using a t-test. Results show the mean age at entry and mean age within tooth stages were not significantly different between groups affected by severe malnutrition and normal children (p>0.05). This remarkable finding was evident across the span of dental development. We demonstrate that there is little measurable effect of sustained malnutrition on the average timing of tooth formation. This noteworthy finding supports the notion that teeth have substantial biological stability and are insulated from extreme nutritional conditions compared to other maturing body systems

Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a type of dental caries in the teeth of infants and children that is represented as one of the most prevalent dental problems in this period. Various studies have reported different types of prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children worldwide. However, there has been no comprehensive study to summarize the results of these studies in general, so this study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world during a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: In this review study, articles were extracted by searching in the national and international databases of SID, MagIran, IranMedex, IranDoc, Cochrane, Embase, ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science (ISI) between 1995 and December 2019. Random effects model was used for analysis and heterogeneity of studies was evaluated by using the I2 index. Data were analyzed by using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) software. Findings: In this study, a total of 164 articles (81 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and 83 articles on the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth) were entered the meta-analysis. The prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 80,405 was 46.2% (95% CI: 41.6–50.8%), and the prevalence of dental caries in permanent teeth in children in the world with a sample size of 1,454,871 was 53.8% (95% CI: 50–57.5%). Regarding the heterogeneity on the basis of meta-regression analysis, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children in different continents of the world. With increasing the sample size and the year of study, dental caries in primary teeth increased and in permanent teeth decreased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of primary and permanent dental caries in children in the world was found to be high. Therefore, appropriate strategies should be implemented to improve the aforementioned situation and to troubleshoot and monitor at all levels by providing feedback to hospitals

The Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Resting Metabolic Rate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials

Background. It is uncertain if omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with increase in resting metabolic rate (RMR) in adults. Objective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the overall effects of omega-3 on RMR. Methods. Both PubMed and Scopus libraries were searched up to April 2021. Study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. Random- and fixed-effects models were utilized in order to obtain pooled estimates of omega-3 supplementation impacts on RMR, using weight mean difference (WMD). Results. Seven studies including a total of 245 participants were included. There was significantly higher FFM-adjusted RMR in the intervention group than the control group (WMD: 26.666 kcal/kg/day, 95% CI: 9.010 to 44.322, p = 0.003 ). Study quality showed that four of seven included studies were of high quality. However, there was no significant difference in results in the subgroup analysis according to the quality of studies. Subgroup analyses revealed significant changes for sex (for women: WMD = 151.793 kcal/day, 95% CI = 62.249 to 241.337, p = 0.001 ) and BMI (for BMI &gt; 25: WMD = 82.208 kcal/day, 95% CI = 0.937 to 163.480, p = 0.047 ). Influence analysis indicated no outlier among inclusions. Conclusion. The current study depicted that omega-3 polyunsaturated acids can significantly increase RMR in adults. However, further assessments of omega-3 supplementation therapy are critical to monitor its long-term outcomes and potential clinical application.</jats:p

Microwave assisted extraction of polysaccharide

In this chapter, the use of microwave irradiation has been reviewed and dicussed for the extraction of polysaccharides as well as for combined processes involving extraction and hydrolysis of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to polysaccharides with bioactive properties. Fundamentals and instrumentation, together with a detailed discussion on the effect of the most important parameters affecting the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process are presented. Some of the most recent and outstanding applications of MAE for the extraction of polysaccharides, mainly from food matrices or food byproducts, are described and classified according to the type of polysaccharide extracted. The comparison in terms of speed, yield, etc. of MAE with other conventional (solid-liquid extraction) or emerging techniques (pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction) is also shown. The scale-up of MAE technique and the development of hybrid systems (e.g. ultrasound-microwave-assisted extraction, UMAE) are presented as future trends. To conclude, MAE is presented as a promising emerging technique for extraction of polysaccharides from natural sources.Peer reviewe

Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides

In this chapter, the use of microwave irradiation has been reviewed and discussed for the extraction of polysaccharides as well as for combined processes involving extraction and hydrolysis of these compounds. Special attention has been paid to polysaccharides with bioactive properties. Fundamentals and instrumentation, together with a detailed discussion on the effect of the most important parameters affecting the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process, are presented. Some of the most recent and outstanding applications of MAE for the extraction of polysaccharides, mainly from food matrices or food by-products, are described and classified according to the type of polysaccharide extracted. The comparison in terms of speed, yield, etc. of MAE with other conventional (solid–liquid extraction) or emerging techniques (pressurized liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction) is also shown. The scale-up of MAE technique and the development of hybrid systems (e.g., ultrasonic–microwave-assisted extraction, UMAE) are shown as future trends. To conclude, MAE is shown as a promising emerging technique for extraction of polysaccharides from natural sources.This work has been funded by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (project CTQ2012-32957), Junta de Andalucía (project AGR-7626), and Comunidad de Madrid (project Avansecal). L. Ruiz-Aceituno is supported by a JAE-Predoc grant from CSIC and cofinanced by the European Social Fund (ESF). A.C.S. thanks Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain for a Ramón y Cajal contract.Peer reviewe