The Artist, the Workhorse: Labor in the Sculpture of Anna Hyatt Huntington

Anna Hyatt Huntington (1876-1973) was an American sculptor of animals who founded the nation’s first sculpture garden, Brookgreen Gardens, in 1932. Hyatt Huntington, whose personal papers are housed at Syracuse University, is an important yet understudied artist. Focusing on Hyatt Huntington’s sculptures in Brookgreen Gardens and on the gardens themselves, which also included a zoo, this paper will examine themes of labor in the artist’s oeuvre. Hyatt Huntington placed an emphasis on hard work as she fought to distinguish herself as a sculptor in a male-dominated field. The products of her labor often venerate the work of animals, from bulls to horses to jaguars. Many of these sculptures are situated at Brookgreen Gardens. Founded at the dawn of the Great Depression, the gardens provide an opportunity to study her work in an era in which labor became a central theme for many artists, who, like Hyatt Huntington, saw hard work as a means to a better future. The multifaceted views of labor manifested in Hyatt Huntington’s work offer critical insights into her sculptures and American art at the time, as labor transforms her sculptures from realistic depictions of animals into beacons of toil, endeavor, and meaningful production

Stem alternations and multiple exponence

In a canonical inflectional paradigm, inflectional affixes mark distinctions in morphosyntactic value, while the lexical stem remains invariant. But stems are known to alternate too, constituting a system of inflectional marking operating according to parameters which typically differ from those of the affixal system, and so represent a distinct object of inquiry. Cross-linguistically, we still lack a comprehensive picture of what patterns of stem alternation are found, and hence the theoretical status of stem alternations remains unclear. We propose a typological framework for classifying stem alternations, basing it on the paradigm-internal relationship between the features marked by stem alternations versus those marked by affixes. Stem alternations may mark completely different features from the affixes (§2), or the same features (§3). Within the latter, the values may match (§3.1) – a rare situation – or be conflated (§3.2). Conflation in turn may involve natural semantic/morphosyntactic classes (§3.2.1), or phonological conditioning (§3.2.2), or be morphologically stipulated (§3.2.3). These patterns typically reveal stems’ continued allegiance to lexical as opposed to inflectional organizing principles

Nominal inflection classes in verbal paradigms

It is not uncommon for inflected nominal forms to be incorporated into verbal paradigms, as in Imonda progressive construction tōbtō soh-ia ale-f ‘he is looking for fish (lit. fish search-loc stay-prs)’, where the verbal noun ‘search’ is in the locative case. Equally, nominal inflection classes are not uncommon. But the two rarely cooccur. We present two case studies (the only examples we are aware of) as a contribution to the typology of inflection class systems: the Western Nilotic language Nuer, and Old Irish. In these languages nominal inflection class distinctions in case marking have become part of the verbal paradigm through the incorporation of constructions involving deverbal nouns. This provides a unique context for observing the properties of inflection classes. In Nuer, case inflection of the verbal noun can be deduced through a cascading series of implicatures, laying bare processes which are entirely covert in the ordinary noun system. With Old Irish, its transition to the modern period was accompanied by a split in the behaviour of verbal nouns, whose inflection class system was simplified when used verbally, but left intact in other contexts, showing that incorporation into the verbal paradigm had real effects on the system

Effect of Propranolol on Ventricular Rate During Atrial Fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74695/1/j.1540-8159.1987.tb04511.x.pd

Concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction during the induction of orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction occurs during the induction of orthodromic tachycardia by an artrial extrastimulus (S2). Sixteen patients with an overt (n = 9) or concealed (n = 7) accessory pathway had inducible orthodromic tachycardia by S2during an atrial drive (S1) cycle length of 500 to 650 ms. A ventricular extrastimulus (S3) was introduced coincident with the His depolarization resulting from S2during the longest S1S2interval that reproducibly induced orthodromic tachycardia. The S1S3interval was decreased in 10 ms steps until S3reached ventricular refractoriness. Retrograde accessory pathway conduction of S3in the presence and absence of S2was compared at the same S1S3intervals.In the absence of S2there was retrograde accessory pathway conduction after S3in each patient. In the presence of S2, in patients with overt pre-excitation, retrograde accessory pathway conduction after S3was absent in one patient, prolonged in four patients and present only after long S1S3intervals in three patients. Only one patient had unchanged retrograde conduction regardless of the presence or absence of S2. In patients with a concealed accessory pathway, retrograde accessory pathway conduction after S3was absent in five patients and was prolonged in two. Thus, concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction was present in 15 of 16 patients at the time of orthodromic tachycardia induction.In conclusion, concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction occurs in a majority of patients with an overt or a concealed accessory pathway during induction of orthodromic tachycardia by an atrial extrastimulus. In some patients, the initiation of orthodromic tachycardia may depend on a critical interaction between the degree of concealed anterograde accessory pathway conduction and atrioventricular conduction delay after S2

An Analysis of Post-Pacing R-R Intervals During Atrial Fibrillation

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/74691/1/j.1540-8159.1986.tb04496.x.pd

Immediate reproducibility of clinical and nonclinical forms of induced ventricular tachycardia

This prospective study assessed the immediate reproducibility of clinical and nonclinical forms of ventricular tachycardia (VT) induced by programmed ventricular stimulation. Twenty-three clinical VTs were unimorphic and previously documented and 22 nonclinical VTs (17 polymorphic and 5 unimorphic) were induced in patients with either no documented or suspected history of VT, or documented VT that had a configuration different from that of the induced VT. The stimulation protocol included 1 to 3 ventricular extrastimuli, 2 drive cycle lengths, and 2 right ventricular stimulation sites. Each VT was induced on the first attempt, then the stimulation protocol was repeated twice in the drug-free state. After the first VT induction, 21 of 23 clinical VTs (91%) and 17 of 22 nonclinical VTs (77%) were reinduced on the second attempt. After 2 VT inductions, 21 of 21 clinical VTs (100%) and 15 of 17 nonclinical VTs (88%) were reinduced on the third attempt. The reinduction rates of the clinical and nonclinical VTs were not significantly different. Among the clinical VTs, the reproducibility of the induction technique was 81% after 1 induction and 88% after 2 inductions with the same technique. These results imply that (1) acute drug testing can be reliably performed after 2 inductions but not 1 induction of clinical VT; (2) reproducibility is not helpful in determining whether an induced VT is clinical or nonclinical; and (3) changes in induction technique during drug testing should be interpreted with caution because changes may occur in the absence of drugs.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26088/1/0000164.pd

Effects of high stimulation current on the induction of ventricular tachycardia

Programmed stimulation at 2 right ventricular sites with 1 to 3 extrastimuli was performed at current strengths of twice diastolic threshold (1.0 +/- 0.2 mA, mean +/- standard deviation) and 10 mA in 41 patients undergoing an electrophysiologic study because of sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) (11 patients), nonsustained VT (19 patients) or unexplained syncope (11 patients). In 26 patients, VT was not induced by programmed stimulation at twice diastolic threshold. Programmed stimulation at 10 mA induced VT or ventricular fibrillation in 16 of these 26 patients (62%). In 4 of 16 patients, the coupling intervals of the extrastimuli that induced VT/ventricular fibrillation at 10 mA were all equal to or longer than the shortest coupling intervals resulting in ventricular capture at twice diastolic threshold. Fifteen patients had inducible VT at twice diastolic threshold. Programmed stimulation at 10 mA induced a similar VT in 12 of these patients, but resulted in no VT induction in 3 of 15 patients (20%), despite ventricular capture at the same coupling intervals that had induced VT at twice diastolic threshold.This study shows that programmed stimulation at a high current strength may either facilitate or prevent induction of VT. Facilitation of VT induction usually is attributable to a shortening of ventricular refractoriness and the ability of extrastimuli at 10 mA to capture the ventricle at shorter coupling intervals than possible at twice diastolic threshold. However, in 25% of cases, the facilitation of VT induction by 10-mA stimuli is not explained by a shortening of ventricular refractoriness. In these cases, and in the patients in whom 10-mA stimuli prevent the induction of VT that was inducible at twice diastolic threshold, the effects of high current strength appear to be mediated through some other mechanism. Other possible mechanisms include an effect on temporal dispersion of refractoriness or on the pattern or extent of ventricular activation.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25627/1/0000177.pd