L’adéquation des besoins et de leur réponse dans le processus de réinsertion sociale des probationnaires québécois

Depuis les années 1970, dans un processus de modernisation, la société a pris un tournant vers la gestion des risques (politiques, médicaux, interpersonnels, etc.). Le système de justice pénale n’y fait pas exception : la gestion des populations judiciarisées est passée d’un idéal de réinsertion sociale à celui de contrôle, favorisant la protection de la société plutôt que la réhabilitation des personnes judiciarisées. Afin d’optimiser la gestion de la récidive, des outils statistiques visant à évaluer le risque qu’une personne représente pour la société sont apparus. Le système de justice a ensuite tenté de réduire le risque de récidive en ciblant les facteurs identifiés par ces outils lors de l’intervention. Toutefois, d’autres modèles d’intervention axés sur le bien-être de la personne voient le jour, comme le Good Lives Model. Ce type de modèles stipule qu’outre les facteurs de risques qui sont ciblés par les outils, d’autres besoins sont prioritaires pour réinsérer socialement les populations judiciarisées. Cette étude propose d’explorer, du point de vue des probationnaires, leur vision de la réinsertion sociale, leurs besoins lors d’une sentence probatoire et leur perception de la sentence probatoire comme moyen de réponse à leurs besoins. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous avons analysé les discours de huit hommes suivis en probation. Ceux-ci ont participé à une entrevue semi-structurée afin de partager leurs points de vue et expériences. Les résultats montrent que la réinsertion sociale est un processus itératif, individualisé et à long terme, qui prévoit une hiérarchisation des besoins, lesquels seront comblés de façon consécutive et séquentielle. Le travail sur les besoins des personnes contrevenantes requiert une bonne connaissance du processus de réinsertion sociale de chaque personne. Enfin, la sentence probatoire est perçue comme une stratégie punitive d’évitement de la récidive, mais qui comprend un volet réhabilitatif; elle permet une périodepropice à l’intervention.Since the 1970’s, following a modernization process, society has taken a shift toward risk management (political, medical, interpersonal, etc.). The criminal justice system is no exception: the management of offenders has switched from their social reintegration to their surveillance and control, where public safety became more important than offenders’ rehabilitation. In order to optimize the management of recidivism, statistical tools which aim to assess offenders’ risk have been deployed. The criminal justice system tried to reduce risk of recidivism by targeting the factors highlighted in these tools, to guide clinical intervention. However, other intervention models focusing on individuals’ well-being are emerging, such as “The Good Lives Model”. The assumption of this approach is that, despite the risk factors targeted by the statistical tools, other needs should also be targeted to reintegrate offenders in society. The current study aims to explore, from the offenders’ point of view, their vision of social reintegration, their needs during probation, and their perception of this sentence as a means of responding to their needs. The narrative of eight men on probation were analyzed for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to understand their experiences. Results shows that social reintegration is an iterative, individualized and longterm process consisting of a prioritization of needs. Those needs are to be responded in a consecutive and sequential manner during rehabilitation. Working on offenders’ needs requires a good knowledge of each individual’s reintegration process. Generally speaking, probation is seen as a punitive strategy to avoid recidivism, but it’s also includes a rehabilitative component conducive to intervention

Dental tissue proportions in fossil orangutans from mainland Asia and Indonesia

Orangutans (Pongo) are the only great ape genus with a substantial Pleistocene and Holocene fossil record, demonstrating a much larger geographic range than extant populations. In addition to having an extensive fossil record, Pongo shows several convergent morphological similarities with Homo, including a trend of dental reduction during the past million years. While studies have documented variation in dental tissue proportions among species of Homo, little is known about variation in enamel thickness within fossil orangutans. Here we assess dental tissue proportions, including conventional enamel thickness indices, in a large sample of fossil orangutan postcanine teeth from mainland Asia and Indonesia. We find few differences between regions, except for significantly lower average enamel thickness (AET) values in Indonesian mandibular first molars. Differences between fossil and extant orangutans are more marked, with fossil Pongo showing higher AET in most postcanine teeth. These differences are significant for maxillary and mandibular first molars. Fossil orangutans show higher AET than extant Pongo due to greater enamel cap areas, which exceed increases in enamel-dentine junction length (due to geometric scaling of areas and lengths for the AET index calculation). We also find greater dentine areas in fossil orangutans, but relative enamel thickness indices do not differ between fossil and extant taxa. When changes in dental tissue proportions between fossil and extant orangutans are compared with fossil and recent Homo sapiens, Pongo appears to show isometric reduction in enamel and dentine, while crown reduction in H. sapiens appears to be due to preferential loss of dentine. Disparate selective pressures or developmental constraints may underlie these patterns. Finally, the finding of moderately thick molar enamel in fossil orangutans may represent an additional convergent dental similarity with Homo erectus, complicating attempts to distinguish these taxa in mixed Asian faunas

Crown ether helical peptides are preferentially inserted in lipid bilayers as a transmembrane ion channels

Oriented circular dichroism was used to study the alignment crown ether-modified peptides. The influence of different N- and C-functionalities was assessed using at variable peptide:lipid ratios from 1:20 to 1:200. Neither the functionalities nor the concentration had any major effect on the orientation. The alignment of the 21-mer peptides was also examined with lipid membranes of different bilayer thickness. The use of synchrotron radiation as light source allowed the study of peptide:lipid molar ratios from 1:20 to 1:1000. For all conditions studied, the peptides were found to be predominantly incorporated as a transmembrane helix into the membrane, especially at low peptide concentration, but started to aggregate on the membrane surface at higher peptide:lipid ratios. The structural information on the preferred trans-bilayer alignment of the crown ether functional groups explains their ion conductivity and is useful for the further development of membrane-active nanochemotherapeutics

Editorial: Teaching palaeosciences to future generations

Sec. Paleoecology This article is part of the Research Topic: Teaching Palaeosciences to Future Generation

An examination of the lived experience of attending twelve step groups for co-dependency

This research project aimed at obtaining an in-depth analysis of the experiences of self-identified co-dependents, who chose twelve-steps groups as a way for dealing with difficulties identified as co-dependency. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used as the methodology for the research. Eight participants volunteered from local support groups for co-dependency in the UK. Data were collected through 3 in-depth interviews with each participant over a period of 3–6 months. A visual method was used to gain a more in-depth phenomenological perspective. It included photographs, drawings and images chosen by the participants to describe their experiences. The analysis revealed 2 contradicting and complementary themes: (1) representations of the twelve-step group as a helpful tool and (2) representations of the twelve-step group as no longer meaningful. It demonstrated that the participants found their groups useful as an initial pathway for recovery; however, it did not feature as a central aspect in their recovery, as different levels of engagement were described. The results of this study provide a base for developing a more empathic and contextualised understanding of the experience of individuals who attend twelve-step groups for co-dependency, which in turn will enable health professionals to offer support which is relevant to these individuals’ experiences.Co-dependency is a contested psychological concept associated with addictive behaviours. It is a multifactorial problem characterised by a constellation of factors identified as differentiation of self, self-sacrifice, external locus of control, interpersonal conflict and control and emotional constraint (Lampis et al. 2017; Dear and Roberts 2005). Evidence suggests that these factors are typically found in the lives of adults who grew up in dysfunctional families, for example where substance abuse prevailed (Abadi, Maarefvand, Aghaei et al. 2017; Bortolon et al. 2017; Sarkar et al. 2015; Marks et al. 2012).A systematic review of literature in co-dependency offered a summary of various treatment perspectives based on individual and group therapy modalities (Ahmad-Abadi, Vand and Aghaee 2015). The twelve-step group appears to be the preferred pathway for helping individuals who identify with this problem (Askian et al. 2016, 2018; Sohrabnejad et al. 2018; Abadi et al. 2015).However, our review of literature in co-dependency demonstrated that to this date, to our knowledge, the voices and experiences of individuals who attend twelve-step groups have not been included in the discussion, therefore indicating the need for an in-depth analysis of the perspectives of self-identified co-dependents, who chose the twelve-step group as a way for dealing with difficulties identified as co-dependency. Their experiences of the twelve-step recovery groups will illuminate professionals who work in this field, suggesting ways to support people who consider themselves to be co-dependents and who chose the twelve-step group pathway for recovery

Density-dependence of reproductive success in a Houbara bustard population

Although density-dependent processes and their impacts on population dynamics are key issues in ecology and conservation biology, empirical evidence of density-dependence remains scarce for species or populations with low densities, scattered distributions, and especially for managed populations where densities may vary as a result of extrinsic factors (such as harvesting or releases). Here, we explore the presence of density-dependent processes in a reinforced population of North African Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata). We investigated the relationship between reproductive success and local density, and the possible variation of this relationship according to habitat suitability using three independent datasets. Based on eight years of nests monitoring (more than 7000 nests), we modeled the Daily Nest Survival Rate (DNSR) as a proxy of reproductive success. Our results indicate that DNSR was negatively impacted by local densities and that this relationship was approximately constant in space and time: (1) although DNSR strongly decreased over the breeding season, the negative relationship between DNSR and density remained constant over the breeding season; (2) this density-dependent relationship did not vary with the quality of the habitat associated with the nest location. Previous studies have shown that the demographic parameters and population dynamics of the reinforced North African Houbara bustard are strongly influenced by extrinsic environmental and management parameters. Our study further indicates the existence of density-dependent regulation in a low-density, managed population.The study was funded by Emirates Center for Wildlife Propagation (ECWP, Morocco), a project of the International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC, United Arab Emirates)

A young star-forming galaxy at z = 3.5 with an extended Ly\,α\alpha halo seen with MUSE

Spatially resolved studies of high redshift galaxies, an essential insight into galaxy formation processes, have been mostly limited to stacking or unusually bright objects. We present here the study of a typical (L$^{*}$, M$_\star$ = 6 $\times 10^9$ $M_\odot$) young lensed galaxy at $z=3.5$, observed with MUSE, for which we obtain 2D resolved spatial information of Ly$\alpha$ and, for the first time, of CIII] emission. The exceptional signal-to-noise of the data reveals UV emission and absorption lines rarely seen at these redshifts, allowing us to derive important physical properties (T$_e\sim$15600 K, n$_e\sim$300 cm$^{-3}$, covering fraction f$_c\sim0.4$) using multiple diagnostics. Inferred stellar and gas-phase metallicities point towards a low metallicity object (Z$_{\mathrm{stellar}}$ = $\sim$ 0.07 Z$_\odot$ and Z$_{\mathrm{ISM}}$ $<$ 0.16 Z$_\odot$). The Ly$\alpha$ emission extends over $\sim$10 kpc across the galaxy and presents a very uniform spectral profile, showing only a small velocity shift which is unrelated to the intrinsic kinematics of the nebular emission. The Ly$\alpha$ extension is $\sim$4 times larger than the continuum emission, and makes this object comparable to low-mass LAEs at low redshift, and more compact than the Lyman-break galaxies and Ly$\alpha$ emitters usually studied at high redshift. We model the Ly$\alpha$ line and surface brightness profile using a radiative transfer code in an expanding gas shell, finding that this model provides a good description of both observables.Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, accepted in MNRA

Addressing retention and completion in MOOCs - a student-centric design approach

The recent development of massively open online courses (MOOCs) has led to a plethora of courses being offered to the general public, as students, but these have had extreme issues of retention and completion with MOOCs typically returning less than 10% of students completing the course. As part of the dCCDFLITE EU project, the authors developed a MOOC on entrepreneurship and innovation, highlighting distributed concurrent design (dCCD) and the Osterwalder Canvas as tools for student use. The course was designed to be student-centric, expecting that students would work through the learning materials independently and then form in groups, using CCD, to develop their business plans. However, the experience of this MOOC, presented statistically in this paper, was no different from the norm, which leads the authors to consider whether we require new pedagogical models for this type of online learning, and how we should measure success in such environments

The Lived Experience of Codependency: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Codependency is a complex and debatable concept, which has been used over the years by mental health professionals to inform their practices. Researchers have attempted to identify the main problems associated with codependency; however, their evidence is still inconclusive.This is the first time that interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) has been used to explore the lived experience of codependency from the perspective of self-identified codependents. Eight participants recruited from local support groups for codependency in the UK, offered in-depth information about their subjective experiences, and embedded in their lifeworld. Data was gathered through interviews and a visual method. The shared experienceof codependency was portrayed by the participants as a complex but tangible multidimensional psychosocial problem in their lives. It incorporated three interlinked experiences: a lack of clear sense of self, an enduring pattern of extreme, emotional, relational, and occupational imbalance, and an attribution of current problems in terms of parental abandonment and control in childhood

Les Orangs-Outans fossiles : apport des dernières découvertes au Viêtnam

La découverte du squelette complet d’un orang-outan fossile, le premier à ce jour, dans la région de Hoà Binh au Viêtnam, apporte des informations inédites sur l’évolution de ces grands singes asiatiques. La morphologie et les dimensions dentaires de cet individu adulte sont comparées à celles de tous les orangs-outans actuels et fossiles. Ses proportions corporelles sont confrontées à celles des deux sous-espèces actuelles, de Bornéo (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) et de Sumatra (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). Les causes probables de l’extinction des orangs-outans sur le continent sont évoquées.The discovery of the first complete skeleton of a fossil orang-utan from the Hoa Binh province in Vietnam brings original information about the evolution of these asiatic apes. Dental morphology and morphometry of the adult individual are compared with those of known taxa (modern and fossil), whereas its body proportions are compared with those of the two modern subspecies, from Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) and from Sumatra (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). Hypothetical causes for the extinction of orangs-utans on the continent are mentioned