Experimental and numerical investigation of post-tensioned concrete flat slabs in fire

Purpose This paper aims to understand the structural fire performance of two-way post-tensioned flat slabs, particularly their deformations and load-carrying mechanisms in fire, and to explore the behaviour of post-tensioned high-strength self-compacting concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons in fire. Design/methodology/approach Four tests of post-tensioned high-strength self-compacting concrete flat slabs were conducted under fire conditions. Numerical modelling using the commercial package ABAQUS was conducted to help interpret the test results. Findings Two of the specimens with lower moisture contents demonstrated excellent fire resistance performance, while the others with slightly higher moisture contents experienced severe concrete spalling. Originality/value The test results were discussed in respect of thermal profiles, deflections, crack patterns and concrete spalling. The performance of post-tensioned high-strength self-compacting concrete flat slabs with unbonded tendons under fire conditions was better understood.postprin

PROMOTING MEASURES FOR PREVENTING CONFLICTS BETWEEN FARMERS AND CATTLE HERDSMEN IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Objective: The study was carried out to identify measures for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen in rural communities of Benue State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: Describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents; ascertain the causes of conflict between farmers and cattle herdsmen in the study area; and identify measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of one hundred and eighteen (118) respondents in four communities in the study area using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used for data analysis. Results: Majority (90.7%) of the respondents had farming as a major source of livelihood, 55.1% were male while 62.7% were married. Damage to crops by cattle (x̄=2.72), uncontrolled grazing (x̄=2.52), herders claiming the land as common property (x̄=2.40), and destruction of farmland (x̄=2.30) were the major causes of conflicts. Measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen include herdsmen education on the effects of the conflict (x̄=2.21), signing of a peace accord by both parties (x̄=2.12), establishment of ranches (x̄=2.06), implementation of law prohibiting open grazing (x̄=2.05), and disarming both parties (x̄=1.87). Conclusion: Educating farmers and herdsmen on the effects of the conflict, signing of a peace accord agreement by both parties, establishment of ranches, implementation of law prohibiting open grazing, and disarming both parties were measures required for preventing conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen. It is recommended that law enforcement agencies should enforce law on open grazing to avoid conflicts between farmers and cattle herdsmen in the area

Collection of anthropometry from older and physically impaired persons: traditional methods versus TC2 3-D body scanner

With advances in technology it is now possible to collect a wide range of anthropometric data, to a high degree of accuracy, using 3D light-based body scanners. This gives the potential to speed up the collection of anthropometric data for design purposes, to decrease processing time and data input required, and to reduce error due to inaccuracy of measurements taken using more traditional methods and equipment (anthropometer, stadiometer and sitting height table). However, when the data collection concerns older and/or physically impaired people there are serious issues for consideration when deciding on the best method to collect anthropometry. This paper discusses the issues arising when collecting data using both traditional methods of data collection and a first use by the experimental team of the TC2 3D body scanner, when faced with a ‘non-standard’ sample, during an EPSRC funded research project into issues surrounding transport usage by older and physically impaired people. Relevance to industry: Designing products, environments and services so that the increasing ageing population, as well as the physically impaired, can use them increases the potential market. To do this, up-to-date and relevant anthropometry is often needed. 3D light-based bodyscanners offer a potential fast way of obtaining this data, and this paper discusses some of the issues with using one scanner with older and disabled people

Use of laser interferometry for measuring concrete substrate roughness in patch repairs

The overall success and long-term durability of a patch repair is significantly influenced by the bond developed at the interface between the concrete substrate and the repair material. In turn, the bond strength is influenced by the topography (roughness) of the substrate surface after removal of the defective concrete. However, different removal methods of defective concrete produce substrate surfaces with different topographies. Hence, the ability to measure and characterise the topography of substrate surfaces is of great importance for evaluating the effectiveness of different removal methods. In this paper, the effect of two removal methods: electric chipping hammers and Remote Robotic Hydro-erosion (RRH) on the surface roughness is investigated through the use of a prototype non-contact (optical) laser interferometry measuring device. Laboratory results show that the above equipment can be used to characterise substrate roughness and confirm the ability of RRH to create rougher surfaces as opposed to chipping hammers

Towards 100 % recycling of reclaimed asphalt in road surface courses: binder design methodology and case studies

Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) has shown great potential to be reused in new asphalt mixtures, however its incorporation in top asphalt pavement layers is still very limited (10-30%). In fact, despite the advantages that its use implies, RA content in road pavement surface courses is still restricted in most countries due to mainly legislation limitations, but also some technical issues. This paper aims at being a step further to improve the latter by providing a methodology that allows producing fundamental inputs for confidently performing mix design of asphalt mixtures incorporating up to 100% RA. The methodology consists in an advanced preliminary binder’s blend design that can be used with any type of RA and also in presence of rejuvenators. This procedure includes in the production of blending charts and laws that considers the uncertainties on accounting the extent of final binder content, Degree of Blending and Replaced Virgin Binder. The description of the methodology is accompanied with results of two extreme case studies consisting in the preliminary design of binders for asphalt mixtures with high content of two types of RA corresponding to extreme cases: the short-term aged RA (STA-RA), having a very soft residual binder (Pen> 20dmm) and the long-term aged RA, having a much harder residual binder (Pen <10dmm). As a result, the proposed methodology allowed assessing the feasibility of using up to 90% of RA and determining whether the use of rejuvenating agents was needed

Green concrete production incorporating waste carpet fiber and palm oil fuel ash

With the increasing amount of waste generation from various processes, there has been a growing interest in the utilization of waste in producing building materials to achieve potential benefits. This paper highlights the results of an experimental investigation on the performance of concrete incorporating waste carpet fiber (WCF) and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial replacements of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Six volume fractions varying from 0 to 1.25% of 20-mm-long carpet fiber were used with OPC concrete mixes. Another six mixes were made that replaced OPC with 20% POFA. The specimens were cured in water and tested for fresh and hardened state properties. The combination of WCF and POFA decreased the slump values and increased the VeBe time of fresh concrete. The addition of WCF to either OPC or POFA concrete mixes did not improve the compressive strength or modulus of elasticity. At 91 days, the compressive strength was in the range of 38.1e49.1 MPa. The positive interaction between WCF and POFA, however, leads to high tensile and flexural strengths, thereby increasing the concrete ductility with higher energy absorption and improved crack distribution. The maximum increases in tensile and flexural strengths compared to those of plain concrete were achieved by the addition of 0.5% carpet fiber at the age of 91 days. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) was examined and was classified as good quality concrete. The study showed that the use of waste carpet fiber and palm oil fuel ash in the production of sustainable green concrete is feasible both technically and environmentally

Bending properties of finger-jointed Malaysian dark red meranti

The mechanical performance of dark red meranti (Shorea spp.) containing structural finger joints was investigated in four-point bending. The influence of variation in density on the bending strength (MOR) and stiffness (MOE) of dark red meranti (DRM) was studied. The effect on these properties of variation in end pressure when bonding was examined. The orientation of finger joints and the effect of cross-sectional area of bonded joints on the bending properties were also investigated. The results of this study indicate a positive relationship between the density and the MOR of DRM specimens. Sufficiently high end pressure is needed to produce strong finger joints. The orientation of finger joints and the changes in cross-sectional area of bonded joints showed no influence on the MOR. The MOE of DRM was not affected by the finger jointing of the pieces. In conclusion, finger-jointed DRM exhibits potential for structural uses, particularly for glulam beams

Valorization of Napier grass via intermediate pyrolysis: Optimization using response surface methodology and pyrolysis products characterization

This study presents first optimization report on pyrolysis oil derived from Napier grass. Effects of temperature, heating rate and nitrogen flow rate on the intermediate pyrolysis of Napier grass biomass in a vertical fixed-bed tubular reactor were investigated collectively. Response surface methodology with central composite design was used for modelling the process and optimization of the process variables. Individual second order polynomial model was found to be adequate in predicting bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gas yield. The optimum bio-oil yield of 50.57 wt% was recorded at 600 �C, 50 �C/min and 5 L/min nitrogen flow. The bio-oil obtained throughout this study was two-phase liquid, organic and aqueous phase. The bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gas were characterized using standard analytical techniques. The results revealed that the organic phase consists of hydrocarbons and various benzene derivatives, which can be further processed into fuels and valuable chemicals. The aqueous phase was predominantly water, acids, ketones, aldehydes and some phenolics and other water-soluble organics. The non-condensable gas was made up high hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio suitable for liquid fuel synthesis via Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The bio-char was a porous carbonaceous material with high energy content, which can be applied as a solid fuel, adsorbent or source of biofertilizer. This study demonstrated that Napier grass biomass is a viable feedstock for production of high-value bioenergy precursors

The influences of moisture content variation, number and width of gaps on the withdrawal resistance of self tapping screws inserted in cross laminated timber

A large experimental campaign comprised of 470 withdrawal tests was carried out, aiming to quantify the withdrawal resistance of self-tapping screws (STS) inserted in the side face of cross laminated timber (CLT) elements. In order to deeply understand the “CLT-STS” composite model, the experimental tests considered two main parameters: (i) simple and cyclic changes on moisture content (MC) and (ii) number and width of gaps. Regarding (i), three individual groups of test specimens were stabilized with 8%, 12% and 18% of moisture content and one group was submitted to a six month RH cycle (between 30% and 90% RH). Concerning (ii), different test configurations with 0 (REF), 1, 2 and 3 gaps, and widths equal to 0mm (GAP0) or 4mm (GAP4), were tested. The influences of MC and number of gaps were modeled by means of least square method. Moreover, a revision of a prediction model developed by Uibel and Blaß (2007) was proposed. The main findings of the experimental campaign were: the decrease of withdrawal resistance for specimens tested with MC=18% in most configurations; the unexpected increase of withdrawal resistance as the number of gaps with 0mm increased; and, the surprising increase of withdrawal resistance for REF specimens submitted to the RH cycle.The development of the present work was possible only thanks to the financial support of the 391 Portuguese Science Foundation (Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia, FCT), through PhD grant SFRH / BD17392 / 79972 / 2011. Further, the valuable partnerships with the Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood393 Technology, at Graz University of Technology (Austria), and Rusticasa are gratefully acknowledged

Simulating plant produced material in the laboratory to replicate rheological and fatigue properties

As part of an effort by agencies and industry to move towards performance-based design to evaluate mixtures in the laboratory at a smaller scale before moving to full scale operation, laboratory protocols exist to simulate the aging that occurs as a material is produced. However, recent research has shown that these existing protocols may not accurately represent the changes a material experiences in a plant. Moreover, due to the focus of previous studies on the ability of the current method to replicate mixture characteristics and performance in an undamaged state, there is a lack of information as it relates to the damaged state. This paper presents a concise description of a study undertaken on a particular mixture to evaluate the differences in the behaviour of a standard asphalt concrete mixture produced in the laboratory and in the plant to assess the anticipated field performance at the mixture design stage. The results, in terms of the rheological properties of binders extracted and recovered from laboratory and plant produced mixtures as well as rheological, repeated cyclic fatigue, and cracking performance evaluation of the asphalt mixtures, have shown the ability of a short-term oven aging protocol to replicate plant produced material in the laboratory