Understanding, analysing and addressing conflicts in co-production

Co-production is suited for problems where consensus is low, uncertainty high and joint action is needed. We focus on conflicts in decision co-production and argue that conflicts arise primarily from tensions between three intertwined elements: differences in values, knowledge and preferences of stakeholders; uneven distribution of resources, status and power; and, divergent expectations about outcomes. Managing conflicts constructively in co-production is far from simple. We identify critical issues that need to be taken into account to address conflicts, including understanding divergent and convergent stakeholder views; identifying power dynamics in problem and solution framing; translating different views into technical-policy options; and reaching compromise solutions. We also outline an evaluation framework with criteria to anticipate, surface and address conflicts and we conclude by suggesting pathways for future research