Size dependence of the magnetic relaxation and specific power absorption in iron oxide nanoparticles

We report on the magnetic and power absorption properties of a series of iron oxide nanoparticles with average sizes ranging from 3 to 23 nm, prepared by thermal decomposition of Iron(III) acetylacetonate in organic media. From the careful characterization of the magnetic and physicochemical properties of these samples, we were able to reproduce the specific power absorption (SPA) values experimentally found, as well as their dependence with particle size, using a simple model of Brownian and Neel Relaxation at ´ room temperature. SPA experiments in ac magnetic fields (0 = 13 kA/m and f = 250 kHz) indicated that the magnetic and rheological properties played the fundamental rule to determine the heating efficiency at different conditions. A maximum SPA value of 344 W/g was obtained for a sample containing nanoparticles with = 12 nm and dispersion σ = 0.25. The observed SPA dependence with particle diameter and their magnetic parameters indicated that, for the size range and experimental conditions of f and H studied in this work, both Neel and Brown relaxation mechanisms are important to the heat generation observed.Fil: Lima, Enio Junior. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Torres, T. E.. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Rossi, L. M.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Rechenberg, R.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Berquo, T. S.. University Of Minnesota; Estados UnidosFil: Ibarra, A.. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Marquina, C.. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Ibarra, R. M.. Universidad de Zaragoza; EspañaFil: Goya, G. F.. Universidad de Zaragoza; Españ

Eosinophil levels in the acute phase of experimental chagas' disease

Eosinophil dynamics, in bone marrow, blood and peritoneal exudate, of resistant C57B1/6 (C57) and susceptible A/Snell (A/Sn) mice was comparatively studied during the acute phase of infection by Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain. A decline was observed in bone marrow eosinophil levels in A/Sn, but not in C57 mice, soon after infection, those of the former remaining significantly below those of the latter up to the 4th day of infection. Bone marrow eosinophil levels of C57 mice declined subsequently to levels comparable to those of A/Sn mice, the number of these cells in this compartment remaining 50% those of non infected controls, in both strains, up to the end of the experiment on the 14th day of infection. The fluctuations in eosinophil levels in blood and peritoneal space were similar in both mice strains studied. Concomitantly with depletion of eosinophils in the marrow, depletion in blood and a marked rise of these cells in the peritoneal space, initial site of infection, occurred in both strains. The difference in eosinophil bone marrow levels, between C57 and A/Sn mice, observed in the first four days of infection, suggests a higher eosinopoiesis capacity of the former in this period, which might contribute to their higher resistance to T. cruzi infection

Use Of Psychoactive Substances And Contraceptive Methods By The Brazilian Urban Population, 2005 [uso De Substâncias Psicoativas E Métodos Contraceptivos Pela População Urbana Brasileira, 2005]

Objective: To analyze the relationship between utilization patterns for condoms and other contraceptive methods and the consumption of alcohol and drugs. Methods: Exploratory study based on data from a probabilistic sample of 5,040 interviewees aged 16 to 65 years living in large urban regions of Brazil in 2005. The data were collected by means of questionnaires. The chi-square automatic interaction classifi cation tree technique was used to study the use of condoms among interviewees of both sexes and other contraceptive methods among women, at the time of the last vaginal sexual intercourse. Results: Among young and middle-aged adults of both sexes and young men in stable relationships, condom use was less frequent among those who said they used psychoactive substances (alcohol and/or illegal drugs). The possible modulating effect of psychoactive substances on contraceptive practices among mature women seems to be more straightforward, compared to the more subtle effects observed among younger women, for whom the different social classes they belonged to seemed to play a more important role. Conclusions: Despite the limitations resulting from an exploratory study, the fact that this was a representative sample of the urban population of Brazil and not from vulnerable populations, reinforces the need to implement integrated public policies directed towards the general population, with regard to preventing drug consumption, alcohol abuse, sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancy and promoting sexual and reproductive health.42SUPPL. 1118126Blankenship, K.M., Friedman, S.R., Dworkin, S., Mantell, J.E., Structural interventions: Concepts, challenges and opportunities for research (2006) J Urban Health, 83 (1), pp. 59-72Bradner, C.H., Ku, L., Lindberg, L.D., Older, but not wiser: How men get information about AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases after high school (2000) Fam Plann Perspect, 32 (1), pp. 33-38Breiman, L., Friedman, J., Stone, C.J., Olshen, R., (1984) Classification and regression trees, , Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth;Bussab W de O, Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(Supl 1):12-20Methamphetamine use and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual men preliminary results from five northern California counties, December 2001-November 2003 (2006) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 55 (10), pp. 273-277. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCEhrenstein, V., Horton, N.J., Samet, J.H., Inconsistent condom use among HIV-infected patients with alcohol problems (2004) Drug Alcohol Depend, 73 (2), pp. 159-166Fortenberry, J.D., Orr, D.P., Katz, B.P., Brizendine, E.J., Blythe, M.J., Sex under the influence. A diary self-report study of substance use and sexual behavior among adolescent women (1997) Sex Transm Dis, 24 (6), pp. 313-319Holmes, K.K., Levine, R., Weaver, M., Effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted infections (2004) Bull World Health Organ, 82 (6), pp. 454-461Demographic and behavioral predictors of sexual risk in the NIMH multisite HIV prevention trial (1997) AIDS, 11 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 2-27. , National Institute of Mental Health NIMHPiccolo, F.D., Knauth, D.R., Uso de drogas e sexualidade em tempos de AIDS e redução de danos. (2002) Horiz Antropol, 8 (17), pp. 127-145Rehm, J., Taylor, B., Room, R., Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco (2006) Drug Alcohol Rev, 25 (6), pp. 503-513Room, R., Graham, K., Rehm, J., Jernigan, D., Monteiro, M., Drinking and its burden in a global perspective: Policy considerations and options (2003) Eur Addict Res, 9 (4), pp. 165-175Schor, N., Ferreira, A.F., Machado, V.L., França, A.P., Pirotta, K.C.M., Alvarenga, A.T., Mulher e anticoncepção: Conhecimento e uso de métodos anticoncepcionais. (2000) Cad Saude Publica, 16 (2), pp. 377-384Simbayi, L.C., Kalichman, S.C., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Jooste, S., Mathiti, V., Alcohol and risks for HIV/AIDS among sexually transmitted infection clinic patients in Cape Town, South Africa (2006) Subst Abus, 27 (4), pp. 37-43Souza, C.T., Diaz, T., Sutmoller, F., Bastos, F.I., The association of socioeconomic status and use of crack/cocaine with unprotected anal sex in a cohort of men who have sex with men in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2002) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 29 (1), pp. 95-100Strathdee SA, Sherman SG. The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. J Urban Health. 2003;80(4 Suppl 3):iii7-14Szwarcwald, C.L., Bastos, F.I., Gravato, N., Lacerda, R., Chequer, P.N., Castilho, E.A., The relationship of illicit drug consume to HIV-infection among commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil (1998) Int J Drug Policy, 9 (6), pp. 427-436Vieira, E.M., Badiani, R., Dal Fabbro, A.L., Rodrigues Junior, A.L., Características do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de São Paulo. (2001) Rev Saude Publica, 36 (3), pp. 263-270Weiser, S.D., Leiter, K., Heisler, M., McFarland, W., Percy-de Korte, F., DeMonner, A population-based study on alcohol and high-risk sexual behaviors in Botswana (2006) PLoS Med, 3 (10), pp. e392West, R., Addiction, ethics and public policy (1997) Addiction, 92 (9), pp. 1061-107

Knowledge And Risk Perception On Hiv/aids By Brazilian Population, 1998 And 2005 [nível De Conhecimento E Percepção De Risco Da População Brasileira Sobre O Hiv/aids, 1998 E 2005]

Objective: To describe the level of knowledge and risk perception on HIV/ AIDS of the Brazilian Population. Methods: Data base from a national survey on sexual behavior and HIV/ AIDS risk perception in the Brazilian population, in 1998 and 2005, were used. A synthetic indicator was used, composed by nine questions on the level of knowledge and risk perception on the forms of transmission of the virus and risk situations, according to population subgroups. Results: Men increased their level of knowledge in the period, reaching the same information level of women. Among youngsters, there was no significant increase in knowledge, and the difference between sexes was absent in this dimension. Regarding risk perception, there was an increase in the proportion of those that declared they were not under risk of HIV/AIDS contamination. Conclusions: Despite the increase in the level of general knowledge, the study's results indicate the need for actions and programs of HIV/AIDS prevention in the general population and, especially, with youngsters.42SUPPL. 16571Ayres, J.R.C.M., França Junior, I., Calazans, G.J., Saletti, H.C.F., Vulnerabilidade e prevenção em tempos de AIDS (1999) Sexualidade pelo avesso: Direitos, identidades e poder, 34, pp. 49-72. , Barbosa RM, Parker R, organizadores, São Paulo: EditoraBussab W de O, Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(Supl 1):12-20Ferreira, M.P., Conhecimento e percepção de risco sobre o HIV/ AIDS: Um perfil da população brasileira no ano de 1998. (2003) Cad Saude Publica, 19 (SUPL 2), pp. S213-S222Martins, L.B.M., Costa-Paiva, L.H.S., Osis, M.J.D., Sousa, M.H., Pinto Neto, A.M., Tadini, V., Fatores associados ao uso de preservativo masculino e ao conhecimento sobre DST/AIDS em adolescentes de escolas públicas e privadas do Município de São Paulo. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22 (2), pp. 315-323Paicheler, G., General population and HIV prevention: From risk to action (1999) Cad Saude Publica, 15 (SUPL 2), pp. 93-105Silveira, M.F., Beria, J.U., Horta, B.L., Tomasi, E., Autopercepção de vulnerabilidade às doenças sexualmente transmissíveis e Aids em mulheres. (2002) Rev Saude Publica, 36 (6), pp. 670-677Vilela, W.V., Doreto, D.T., Sobre a experiência sexual dos jovens. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22 (11), pp. 2467-247

Drug And Alochol Use: Main Findings Of A National Survey, Brazil 2005 [consumo De álcool E Drogas: Principais Achados De Pesquisa De âmbito Nacional, Brasil 2005]

Objective: To assess alcohol and drug use in a representative sample of the urban Brazilian population and their correlation with sexual and reproductive health. Methods: Data from a national population-based survey with a complex sampling, performed in 2005 was used. A total of 5,040 individuals from both genders, in the age group from 16 to 65 years old, were interviewed. Issues regarding drug and alcohol use and sexual behavior were assessed. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Results: Alcohol was the most frequently used substance, with reports of regular use in the lives of 18% of interviewees. Use of illegal drugs was mentioned by 9% of the interviewees especially marijuana and snorted cocaine; injected drugs use was not frequent. There was a decrease in snorted cocaine use and an increase in marijuana use (in the last 12 months), compared to results of a similar survey conducted in 1998. History of sexual abuse was a risk factor for drug use and regular alcohol use. Interviewees mentioning the role of religion in their background, being White, and female were less likely to use alcohol in a regular way, which is especially prevalent among elderly males.Leisure activities and absence of current religious practice were associated with drug use. Conclusions: The regular or irregular alcohol use is prevalent in the urban Brazilian population, whereas injected drug use is rare. Over the last decade there was a decline in cocaine use. A history of sexual abuse was central to later use of alcohol and drugs.42SUPPL. 1109117Bastos, F.I., Bertoni, N., Hacker, M.A., Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Consumo de álcool e drogas: Principais achados de pesquisa de âmbito nacional, Brasil 2005. (2008) Rev Saude Publica, 42 (SUPL 1), pp. 109-117Bastos, F.I., Caiaffa, W., Rossi, D., Vila, M., Malta, M., The children of Mama Coca: Coca, cocaine and the fate of harm reduction in South America (2007) Int J Drug Policy, 18 (2), pp. 99-106Bussab W de O, Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(Supl 1):12-20Colliver, J.D., Compton, W.M., Gfroerer, J.C., Condon, T., Projecting drug use among aging baby boomers in 2020 (2006) Ann Epidemiol, 16 (4), pp. 257-265Galduróz, J.C., Noto, A.R., Nappo, S.A., Carlini, E.A., Household survey on drug abuse in Brazil: Study involving the 107 major cities of the country-2001 (2005) Addict Behav, 30 (3), pp. 545-556Galduróz, J.C., Noto, A.R., Nappo, S.A., Carlini, E.L., First household survey on drug abuse in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1999: Principal findings (2003) Rev Paul Med, 121 (6), pp. 231-237Galvan, F.H., Caetano, R., Alcohol use and related problems among ethnic minorities in the United States (2003) Alcohol Res Health, 27 (1), pp. 87-94Mahalik, J.R., Burns, S.M., Syzdek, M., Masculinity and perceived normative health behaviors as predictors of men's health behaviors (2007) Soc Sci Med, 64 (11), pp. 2201-2209Markos, A.R., Alcohol and sexual behaviour (2005) Int J STD AIDS, 16 (2), pp. 123-127Michalak, L., Trocki, K., Bond, J., Religion and alcohol in the U.S. National Alcohol Survey: How important is religion for abstention and drinking? (2007) Drug Alcohol Depend, 87 (2-3), pp. 268-280Miller M. The dynamics of substance use and sex networks in HIV transmission. J Urban Health. 2003;80(4 Suppl 3):iii88-96Simoes, A.A., Bastos, F.I., Moreira, R.I., Lynch, K.G., Metzger, D.S., A randomized trial of audio computer and inperson interview to assess HIV risk among drug and alcohol users in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2006) J Subst Abuse Treat, 30 (3), pp. 237-243Strathdee, A.S., Bastos, F.I., (2002) Intertwining epidemics: Injection drug use and HIV infection, pp. 636-639. , Breslow L, editors. Encyclopedia of public health. Nova York: Macmillan;Widom, C.S., Marmorstein, N.R., White, H.R., Childhood victimization and illicit drug use in middle adulthood (2006) Psychol Addict Behav, 20 (4), pp. 394-403Zinberg, N.E., (1984) Drug, set and setting: The basis for controlled intoxicant use, , New Haven: Yale University Press;Zlotnick, C., Johnson, D.M., Stout, R.L., Zywiak, W.H., Johnson, J.E., Schneider, R.J., Childhood abuse and intake severity in alcohol disorder patients (2006) J Trauma Stress, 19 (6), pp. 949-95

Experimental constraints on fluid-rock reactions during incipient serpentinization of harzburgite

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Mineralogical Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in American Mineralogist 100 (2015): 991-1002, doi:10.2138/am-2015-5112.The exposure of mantle peridotite to water at crustal levels leads to a cascade of interconnected dissolution-precipitation and reduction-oxidation reactions—a process referred to as serpentinization. These reactions have major implications for microbial life through the provision of hydrogen (H2). To simulate incipient serpentinization under well-constrained conditions, we reacted centimeter-sized pieces of uncrushed harzburgite with chemically modified seawater at 300 ºC and 35 MPa for ca. 1.5 yr (13 441 h), monitored changes in fluid chemistry over time, and examined the secondary mineralogy at the termination of the experiment. Approximately 4 mol% of the protolith underwent alteration forming serpentine, accessory magnetite, chlorite, and traces of calcite and heazlewoodite. Alteration textures bear remarkable similarities to those found in partially serpentinized abyssal peridotites. Neither brucite nor talc precipitated during the experiment. Given that the starting material contained ~4 times more olivine than orthopyroxene on a molar basis, mass balance requires that dissolution of orthopyroxene was significantly faster than dissolution of olivine. Coupled mass transfer of dissolved Si, Mg, and H+ between olivine and orthopyroxene reaction fronts was driven by steep activity gradients and facilitated the precipitation of serpentine. Hydrogen was released in significant amounts throughout the entire experiment; however, the H2 release rate decreased with time. Serpentinization consumed water but did not release significant amounts of dissolved species (other than H2) suggesting that incipient hydration reactions involved a volume increase of ~40%. The reduced access of water to fresh olivine surfaces due to filling of fractures and coating of primary minerals with alteration products led to decreased rates of serpentinization and H2 release. While this concept might seem at odds with completely serpentinized seafloor peridotites, reaction-driven fracturing offers an intriguing solution to the seemingly self-limiting nature of serpentinization. Indeed, the reacted sample revealed several textural features diagnostic of incipient reaction-driven fracturing. We conclude that fracturing must have far reaching impacts on the rates of serpentinization and H2 release in peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems.This study was partially supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF-OCE grants 1059534 to F.K. and S.E.H. and OCE-0927744 To T.M.M.) and the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.2016-04-0

Sexual Behavior And Practices Among Men And Women, Brazil 1998 And 2005 [comportamento E Práticas Sexuais De Homens E Mulheres, Brasil 1998 E 2005]

Objective: To compare basic findings from two studies on sexual behavior and practices among women and men and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics of this population. Methods: Data analyzed were obtained by a questionnaire applied to a probabilistic sample comprised of 3,423 people in 1998, and 5,040 people in 2005, all aged between 16 and 65 years, and living in urban areas of Brazil. Comparative analyses were performed by sex and year of research, and according to sociodemographic variables, using Pearson's chi-square test. Results: The number of sexual partners in the year that preceded the interview decreased from 29.5% to 23.1% among men. Variability in sexual behavior and practices according to age, level of education, marital status, religion and place of residence, in addition to specific characteristics based on sex, was observed. There was also an increase in the proportion of women who began their sexual life in the 16-to-19-year age group and had completed up to elementary school, or lived in Southern Brazil. Moreover, it was observed an increase of sexual activity reported by women in the last year, and a decrease among men over 55 years of age, Protestant/Pentecostal, or separated/widowed. The proportion of men with more than one sexual partner in the last year decreased among those aged between 25 and 44 years or who have completed up to high-school. There was an increase in oral sex practice reported by women who are over 35 years of age or live in Northern/Northeastern Brazil. Conclusions: Comparative analysis from 1998 to 2005 suggested a tendency towards differences between women and men decreasing. This probably results from a pattern of change characterized by an increase in the frequency of female behavior investigated and a decrease in the frequency of male behavior.42SUPPL. 12133Barbosa, R.M., Koyama, M.A., Mulheres que fazem sexo com mulheres: Algumas estimativas para o Brasil. (2006) Cad Saude Publica, 22 (7), pp. 1511-1514Bastos, F.I., Bertoni, N., Hacker, M.A., Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Consumo de álcool e drogas: Principais achados de pesquisa de âmbito nacional, Brasil 2005. (2008) Rev Saude Publica, 2 (SUPL 1), pp. 109-117Berquó, E., Barbosa, R.M., Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. [Introdução]. (2008) Rev Saude Publica, 42 (SUPL 1), pp. 7-11Bussab W de O, Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(Supl 1):12-20Cleland, J., Ali, M.M., Sexual abstinence, contraception, and condom use by young African women: A secondary analysis of survey data (2006) Lancet, 368 (9549), pp. 1788-1793Cleland, J., Ali, M.M., Shah, I., Trends in Protective Behaviour among Single vs. Married Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Big Picture (2006) Reprod Health Matters, 14 (28), pp. 17-22Visser RO, Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J, Grulich AE. Sex in Australia: heterosexual experience and recent heterosexual encounters among a representative sample of adults. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27(2):146-54Dourado, I., Veras, M.A.S.M., Barreira, D., Brito, A.M., Tendências da epidemia de Aids no Brasil após a terapia anti-retroviral. (2006) Rev Saude Publica, 40 (SUPL), pp. 9-17Fishbein, M., Pequegnat, W., Evaluating AIDS prevention interventions using behavioral and biological outcome measures (2000) Sex Transm Dis, 27 (2), pp. 101-110Gagnon, J.H., (2006) Uma interpretação do desejo: Ensaios sobre o estudo da sexualidade, , Rio de Janeiro: Garamond;(2006) O Aprendizado da sexualidade: Reprodução e trajetórias sociais de jovens brasileiros, , Heilborn ML, Aquino EML, Bozon M, Knauth DR, organizadores, Rio de Janeiro: Garamond;Hubert, M., Bajos, N., Sandfort, T., (1998) Sexual behavior and HIV/AIDS in Europe: Comparisons of national surveys, , London: UCL Press;Johnson, A.M., Mercer, C.H., Erens, B., Copas, A.J., McManus, S., Wellings, K., Sexual behaviour in Britain: Partnerships, practices, and HIV risk behaviours (2001) Lancet, 358 (9296), pp. 1835-1842Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., Michaels, S., (1994) The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States, , Chicago: The University of Chicago Press;Pequegnat, W., Fishbein, M., Celentano, D., Ehrhardt, A., Garnett, G., Holtgrave, D., NIMH/APPC workgroup on behavioral and biological outcomes in HIV/STD prevention studies: A position statement (2000) Sex Transm Dis, 27 (3), pp. 127-132Smith AM, Rissel CE, Richters J, Grulich AE, Visser RO. Sex in Australia: the rationale and methods of the Australian Study of Health and Relationships. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2003;27(2):106-17Wellings, K., Collumbien, M., Slaymaker, E., Singh, S., Hodges, Z., Patel, D., Sexual behaviour in context: A global perspective (2006) Lancet, 368 (9548), pp. 1706-172

Intimate Partner Sexual Violence Among Mean And Women In Urban Brazil, 2005 [violência Sexual Por Parceiro íntimo Entre Homens E Mulheres No Brasil Urbano, 2005]

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of intimate partner sexual violence among men and women of the Brazilian urban population and factors associated to it. Methods: The data analyzed is part of the study conducted between 1998 and 2005 among urban populations in Brazil. The data was obtained by means of a questionnaire applied to a representative sample of 5.040 individuals, men and women 16 to 65 years of age. Descriptive analysis was undertaken with weighted data, utilizing F design-based tests, with 5% significance. Results: The global prevalence of intimate partner sexual violence was 8.6%, being predominant among women (11.8% versus 5.1%). Women consistently reported higher rates of violence then men, except in cases involving homo/bissexual partners. The rate verified for male homo/ bisexuals was significantly greater than that found among male heterosexuals, but this difference in rates was not significant among women. The Black population, irrespective of sex, referred more violence than the White population. The lower the income and years of formal education, the greater the rates of violence. However, men from poorer regions referred more violence, but this did not occur with respect to women. Diverse situations with respect to work, use of condoms, lower age at first intercourse and number of partners during the last five years differed significantly among women, but not among men. For both men and women sexual violence was associated with being separated or divorced, having had STDs, self-evaluation of being at risk for HIV, but was not associated with testing positive for HIV. Conclusion: The high magnitude of sexual violence as well as female surtax is confirmed. Violence as a result of gender conflicts, that pervades social stratification and ethnic groups is reiterated. As to the Aids epidemic, sexual violence is an important factor to be taken into consideration when discussing the feminization of the population affected by the disease. © 2008 Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo.42SUPPL. 1127137Andrade, R.P., Guimarães, A.C.P., Fagotti Filho, A., Carvalho, N.S., Arrabal, J.S., Rocha, D.M., Características demográficas e intervalo para atendimento em mulheres vítima de violência sexual. (2001) Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 23 (9), pp. 583-587Bussab W de O, Grupo de Estudos em População, Sexualidade e Aids. Plano amostral da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Comportamento Sexual e Percepções sobre HIV/Aids, 2005. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(Supl 1):12-20Cáceres, C.F., Vanoss Marín, B., Sid Hudes, E., Sexual coercion among youth and young adolescents in Lima, Peru (2000) J Adolesc Health, 27 (5), pp. 361-367Campbell, J.C., Health consequences of intimate partner violence (2002) Lancet, 359 (9314), pp. 1331-1336Cohen, C., Matsuda, N.E., Crimes sexuais e sexologia forense: Estudo analítico. (1991) Rev Paul Med, 109 (4), pp. 157-164Dantas-Berger, S.M., Giffin, K., A violência nas relações de conjugalidade: Invisibilidade e banalização da violência sexual? (2005) Cad Saude Publica, 21 (12), pp. 417-425Drezett, J., Caballero, M., Juliano, Y., Prieto, E.T., Marques, J.A., Fernandes, C.E., Estudo de mecanismos e fatores relacionados com o abuso sexual em crianças e adolescentes do sexo feminino. (2001) J. Pediatr, 77 (5), pp. 413-419Dunkle, K.L., Jewkes, R.K., Brown, H.C., Gray, G.E., McIntryre, J.A., Harlow, S.D., Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa (2004) Lancet, 363 (9419), pp. 1415-1421Eisenstat, S.A., Bancroft, L., Domestic violence (1999) N Engl J Med, 341 (12), pp. 886-892Ellsberg, M.C., Caldera, T., Herrera, A., Winkvist, A., Kullgren, G., Domestic violence and emotional distress among Nicaraguan women: Results from a population based study (1999) Am Psychol, 54 (1), pp. 30-36Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Peña, R., Agurto, S., Winkvist, A., Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations (2001) Stud Fam Plann, 32 (1), pp. 1-16Faúndes, A., Rosas, C.F., Bedone, A.J., Orozco, L.T., Violência sexual: Procedimentos indicados e seus resultados no atendimento de urgência de mulheres vítimas de estupro. 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