Soft tissue imaging of the palmar aspect of the equine podotrochlear apparatus.

peer reviewe

Paraquat detoxication with multiple emulsions

International audienceIn this study, we show that detoxifying W/O/W multiple emulsions, prepared with an appropriate extractant/trapping couple, represent a promising technology for quick and safe poisoning treatments, with application to the highly toxic herbicide Paraquat, responsible of poisonings from low-dose exposure leading to several deaths every year. In vitro tests led to the choice of an appropriate extractant/trapping couple system with significant detoxication performance. In vivo tests showed (i) that rats receiving high doses of Paraquat, then a detoxifying emulsion, presented an increase from 50% to 100% of the MST (median survival time) and (ii) that no mortality was observed during 30 days with rats dosed with emulsions initially loaded with Paraquat at a concentration much higher than the lethal dose, proving the stability and the inocuity of the detoxifying multiple emulsion in the gastrointestinal tract

Formulation of stable detoxifying w/o/w reactive multiple emulsions: in vitro evaluation

International audienceOver the last decade, acute drug intoxications have been known to be a serious threat to the public health field. Nevertheless, only a few means of imperfect detoxication treatments have, unfortunately, been applied to date. This paper presents water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) reactive multiple emulsions (ME) as an efficient method of in vitro detoxication against Nivaquine, a drug widely accused of being used in suicide attempts. The detoxication efficiency of these emulsions is attributed to the use of an adequate extractant-trapping agent couple giving a good extraction yield. Interestingly, some prepared emulsions showed a Nivaquine extraction yield of about 85%. A series of studies was conducted to recognize the effect of the preparation protocol, the emulsion ingredients, especially the extractant-trapping agent couple, and the experimental conditions on the extraction output. The extraction yield increases with the concentration of the extractant and with the alcalinization of the extraction medium. Globally, these reactive multiple emulsions have shown to be stable and highly detoxifying against Nivaquine taken as a toxic molecule model. Moreover, the process of Nivaquine extraction by the extractant in the oily phase and its trapping in the internal aqueous phase has been elucidated and validated

Specifications for the application of the United Nations Framework Classification for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources 2009 to Renewable Energy Resources

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