15,647 research outputs found
Modes of Political Representation: Toward a New Typology
The mandate-independence controversy still features prominently in studies of political representation even though the problems with its theoretical foundation and empirical operationalization have long been recognized. This article proposes an alternative typology of modes of representation. By combining type of control (ex ante or ex post) with direction of the interactions (bottom-up or top-down), our study captures the most important aspects of the relationship between voters and representatives. We demonstrate how the typology can be used in a survey instrument by comparing the attitudes toward representation of Dutch members of Parliament with the attitudes held by voters, and by relating the views of the members to their behavior
The Effects of Historical Settlement Patterns on Oklahoma Student Achievement Test Scores
Labor and Human Capital,
International Liquidity and the Role of the SDR in the International Monetary System
This paper describes how the changed conditions in the international monetary system have undermined the role originally envisaged for the SDR. It argues that the concept of a global stock of international liquidity, which was fundamental to the creation of the SDR, is now no longer relevant. Nonetheless, there are good reasons to satisfy part of the growing demand for international reserves with SDR allocations: (i) there are efficiency gains, as SDRs can be created at zero resource cost, and thus obviate the need for countries to run current account surpluses or engage in expensive borrowing to obtain reserves, and (ii) there would be a reduction in systemic risk, as SDRs would substitute to some extent for borrowed reserves, which are a less reliable and predictable source of reserves, especially in times of crisis. Copyright 2004, International Monetary Fund
Measurement of thermal conductance of silicon nanowires at low temperature
We have performed thermal conductance measurements on individual single
crystalline silicon suspended nanowires. The nanowires (130 nm thick and 200 nm
wide) are fabricated by e-beam lithography and suspended between two separated
pads on Silicon On Insulator (SOI) substrate. We measure the thermal
conductance of the phonon wave guide by the 3 method. The cross-section
of the nanowire approaches the dominant phonon wavelength in silicon which is
of the order of 100 nm at 1K. Above 1.3K the conductance behaves as T3, but a
deviation is measured at the lowest temperature which can be attributed to the
reduced geometry
Natural regulatory (CD4+CD25+FOXP+) T cells control the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines during Plasmodium chabaudi adami infection and do not contribute to immune evasion.
Different functions have been attributed to natural regulatory CD4+CD25+FOXP+ (Treg) cells during malaria infection. Herein, we assessed the role for Treg cells during infections with lethal (DS) and non-lethal (DK) Plasmodium chabaudi adami parasites, comparing the levels of parasitemia, inflammation and anaemia. Independent of parasite virulence, the population of splenic Treg cells expanded during infection, and the absolute numbers of activated CD69+ Treg cells were higher in DS-infected mice. In vivo depletion of CD25+ T cells, which eliminated 80% of CD4+FOXP3+CD25+ T cells and 60â70% of CD4+FOXP3+ T cells, significantly decreased the number of CD69+ Treg cells in mice with lethal malaria. As a result, higher parasite burden and morbidity were measured in the latter, whereas the kinetics of infection with non-lethal parasites remained unaffected. In the absence of Treg cells, parasite-specific IFN-Îł responses by CD4+ T cells increased significantly, both in mice with lethal and non-lethal infections, whereas IL-2 production was only stimulated in mice with non-lethal malaria. Following the depletion of CD25+ T cells, the production of IL-10 by CD90â cells was also enhanced in infected mice. Interestingly, a potent induction of TNF- and IFN-Îł production by CD4+ and CD90â lymphocytes was measured in DS-infected mice, which also suffered severe anaemia earlier than non-depleted infected controls. Taken together, our data suggest that the expansion and activation of natural Treg cells represent a counter-regulatory response to the overwhelming inflammation associated with lethal P.c. adami. This response to infection involves TH1 lymphocytes as well as cells from the innate immune system
Nuclear higher-twist effects in eA DIS
We discuss the relation between the treatments of the higher twist nuclear
effects in eA DIS based on the pQCD collinear approximation and the light-cone
path integral formalism. We show that in the collinear approximation the N=1
rescattering contribution to the gluon emission vanishes. It is demonstrated
that the nonzero gluon spectrum obtained by Guo, Wang and Zhang is a
consequence of unjustified neglect of some terms in the collinear expansion.Comment: Talk given at Diffraction 2008: International Workshop on Diffraction
in High Energy Physics, La Londe-les-Maures, France, 9-14 Sep 200
Lâenveloppe et le quatrain
Parce qu'ils prennent en compte leur support, leur typographie, les Vers de circonstance ont sans doute joué un rÎle à certains points de vue important dans l'évolution de l'oeuvre de Mallarmé vers le Coup de dés et dans l'abandon du vers au profit de la page.The « Occasionnal Verses » seern, to have some importance in the evolution of Mallarmé's works to the Coup de dés and to the « forsaking » of the verse for the page because these verses take into considerationtheir medium (paper size and texture) and their typography as textual elements for their production
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