2,786 research outputs found
Dark Energy: Recent Developments
A six parameter cosmological model, involving a vacuum energy density that is
extremely tiny compared to fundamental particle physics scales, describes a
large body of increasingly accurate astronomical data. In a first part of this
brief review we summarize the current situation, emphasizing recent progress.
An almost infinitesimal vacuum energy is only the simplest candidate for a
cosmologically significant nearly homogeneous exotic energy density with
negative pressure, generically called Dark Energy. If general relativity is
assumed to be also valid on cosmological scales, the existence of such a dark
energy component that dominates the recent universe is now almost inevitable.
We shall discuss in a second part the alternative possibility that general
relativity has to be modified on distances comparable to the Hubble scale. It
will turn out that observational data are restricting theoretical speculations
more and more. Moreover, some of the recent proposals have serious defects on a
fundamental level (ghosts, acausalities, superluminal fluctuations).Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures, invited ``brief review'' for Modern Physics
Letters A; to appea
A stacking method to study the gamma-ray emission of source samples based on the co-adding of Fermi LAT count maps
We present a stacking method that makes use of co-added maps of gamma-ray
counts produced from data taken with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Sources
with low integrated gamma-ray fluxes that are not detected individually may
become detectable when their corresponding count maps are added. The combined
data set is analyzed with a maximum likelihood method taking into account the
contribution from point-like and diffuse background sources. For both simulated
and real data, detection significance and integrated gamma-ray flux are
investigated for different numbers of stacked sources using the public Fermi
Science Tools for analysis and data preparation. The co-adding is done such
that potential source signals add constructively, in contrast to the signals
from background sources, which allows the stacked data to be described with
simply structured models. We show, for different scenarios, that the stacking
method can be used to increase the cumulative significance of a sample of
sources and to characterize the corresponding gamma-ray emission. The method
can, for instance, help to search for gamma-ray emission from galaxy clusters.Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 10 pages, 12
figure
Static Axially Symmetric Solutions of Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dilaton Theory
We construct static axially symmetric solutions of SU(2)
Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton theory. Like their spherically symmetric
counterparts, these solutions are nonsingular and asymptotically flat. The
solutions are characterized by the winding number n and the node number k of
the gauge field functions. For fixed n with increasing k the solutions tend to
``extremal'' Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton black holes with n units of magnetic
charge.Comment: 11 pages, including 2 postscript figure
Pulsation of Spherically Symmetric Systems in General Relativity
The pulsation equations for spherically symmetric black hole and soliton
solutions are brought into a standard form. The formulae apply to a large class
of field theoretical matter models and can easily be worked out for specific
examples. The close relation to the energy principle in terms of the second
variation of the Schwarzschild mass is also established. The use of the general
expressions is illustrated for the Einstein-Yang-Mills and the Einstein-Skyrme
system.Comment: 21 pages, latex, no figure
Perturbations in the Kerr-Newman Dilatonic Black Hole Background: I. Maxwell waves
In this paper we analyze the perturbations of the Kerr-Newman dilatonic black
hole background. For this purpose we perform a double expansion in both the
background electric charge and the wave parameters of the relevant quantities
in the Newman-Penrose formalism. We then display the gravitational, dilatonic
and electromagnetic equations, which reproduce the static solution (at zero
order in the wave parameter) and the corresponding wave equations in the Kerr
background (at first order in the wave parameter and zero order in the electric
charge). At higher orders in the electric charge one encounters corrections to
the propagations of waves induced by the presence of a non-vanishing dilaton.
An explicit computation is carried out for the electromagnetic waves up to the
asymptotic form of the Maxwell field perturbations produced by the interaction
with dilatonic waves. A simple physical model is proposed which could make
these perturbations relevant to the detection of radiation coming from the
region of space near a black hole.Comment: RevTeX, 36 pages in preprint style, 1 figure posted as a separate PS
file, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Static Axially Symmetric Einstein-Yang-Mills-Dilaton Solutions: II.Black Hole Solutions
We discuss the new class of static axially symmetric black hole solutions
obtained recently in Einstein-Yang-Mills and Einstein-Yang-Mills-dilaton
theory. These black hole solutions are asymptotically flat and they possess a
regular event horizon. The event horizon is almost spherically symmetric with a
slight elongation along the symmetry axis. The energy density of the matter
fields is angle-dependent at the horizon. The static axially symmetric black
hole solutions satisfy a simple relation between mass, dilaton charge, entropy
and temperature. The black hole solutions are characterized by two integers,
the winding number and the node number of the purely magnetic gauge
field. With increasing node number the magnetically neutral black hole
solutions form sequences tending to limiting solutions with magnetic charge
, corresponding to Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton black hole solutions for finite
dilaton coupling constant and to Reissner-Nordstr\o m black hole solutions for
vanishing dilaton coupling constant.Comment: 41 pages including 45 postscript figures, RevTex forma
Rotating solitons and non-rotating, non-static black holes
It is shown that the non-Abelian black hole solutions have stationary
generalizations which are parameterized by their angular momentum and electric
Yang-Mills charge. In particular, there exists a non-static class of stationary
black holes with vanishing angular momentum. It is also argued that the
particle-like Bartnik-McKinnon solutions admit slowly rotating, globally
regular excitations. In agreement with the non-Abelian version of the staticity
theorem, these non-static soliton excitations carry electric charge, although
their non-rotating limit is neutral.Comment: 5 pages, REVTe
New perturbative solutions of the Kerr-Newman dilatonic black hole field equations
This work describes new perturbative solutions to the classical,
four-dimensional Kerr--Newman dilaton black hole field equations. Our solutions
do not require the black hole to be slowly rotating. The unperturbed solution
is taken to be the ordinary Kerr solution, and the perturbation parameter is
effectively the square of the charge-to-mass ratio of the
Kerr--Newman black hole. We have uncovered a new, exact conjugation (mirror)
symmetry for the theory, which maps the small coupling sector to the strong
coupling sector (). We also calculate the gyromagnetic ratio of
the black hole.Comment: Revtex, 27 page
Influence of vestibular and visual stimulation on split-belt walking
We investigated the influence of vestibular (caloric ear irrigation) and visual (optokinetic) stimulation on slow and fast split-belt walking. The velocity of one belt was fixed (1.5 or 5.0-6.0km/h) and subjects (N=8 for vestibular and N=6 for visual experiments) were asked to adjust the velocity of the other belt to a level at which they perceived the velocity of both the belts as equal. Throughout all experiments, subjects bimanually held on to the space-fixed handles along the treadmill, which provided haptic information on body orientation. While the optokinetic stimulus (displayed on face-mounted virtual reality goggles) had no effect on belt velocity adjustments compared to control trials, cold-water ear irrigation during slow (but not fast) walking effectively influenced belt velocity adjustments in seven of eight subjects. Only two of these subjects decreased the velocity of the ipsilateral belt, consistent with the ipsilateral turning toward the irrigated ear in the Fukuda stepping test. The other five subjects, however, increased the velocity of the ipsilateral belt. A straight-ahead sense mechanism can explain both decreased and increased velocity adjustments. Subjects decrease or increase ipsilateral belt velocity depending on whether the vestibular stimulus is interpreted as an indicator of the straight-ahead direction (decreased velocity) or as an error signal relative to the straight-ahead direction provided by the haptic input from the space-fixed handles along the treadmill (increased velocity). The missing effect during fast walking corroborates the findings by others that the influence of vestibular tone asymmetry on locomotion decreases at higher gait velocitie
- âŠ