Los mercados de trabajo en Europa central Desempleo, cambio estructural e instituciones / Labour markets in Central Europe

En el primer epígrafe, analizaremos el desempleo en las economías en transición y observaremos los flujos entre las situaciones alternativas del mercado laboral. Posteriormente, utilizaremos este enfoque para resumir los factores principales que podrían afectar a los niveles de desempleo de los nuevos Estados miembros que se incorporarán en 2004. Finalmente, ofreceremos una breve perspectiva general de los resultados econométricos empíricos sobre las diferencias entre las características del mercado laboral de la actual Europa de los Quince y de los nuevos Estados miembros

Inequality, Fiscal Capacity and the Political Regime: Lessons from the Post-Communist Transition

Using panel data for twenty-seven post-communist economies between 1987-2003, we examine the nexus of relationships between inequality, fiscal capacity (defined as the ability to raise taxes efficiently) and the political regime. Investigating the impact of political reform we find that full political freedom is associated with lower levels of income inequality. Under more oligarchic (authoritarian) regimes, the level of inequality is conditioned by the state’s fiscal capacity. Specifically, oligarchic regimes with more developed fiscal systems are able to defend the prevailing vested interests at a lower cost in terms of social injustice. This empirical finding is consistent with the model developed by Acemoglu (2006). We also find that transition countries undertaking early macroeconomic stabilisation now enjoy lower levels of inequality; we confirm that education fosters equality and the suggestion of Commander et al (1999) that larger countries are prone to higher levels of inequality.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/57211/1/wp831 .pd

Metabonomics and Intensive Care

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency medicine 2016. Other selected articles can be found online at http://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2016. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901

City-level institutions and perceived entrepreneurial ecosystem’s growth orientation

This study uses both secondary and primary data on perceptions of 1789 ecosystem actors from 17 cities in Europe to perform an empirical analysis of three institutional dimensions: regulatory, cultural values and socio-cultural practices – and tests their association with the entrepreneurial ecosystem’s growth orientation. As a result, we develop a framework for the entrepreneurial ecosystem’s factors and provide policy recommendations for those interested in supporting the entrepreneurial ecosystem’s growth orientation in cities. Among other conclusions, the findings suggest a positive association between the socio-cultural practices of environmental sustainability behaviour in businesses with entrepreneurial ecosystem’s growth orientation

New venture evolution of migrants under institutional voids: Lessons from Shonga Farms in Nigeria

This article inductively builds theory on how transaction costs may be alleviated and institutional voids bridged in developing economies, based on the case study of successful migrant entrepreneurial involvement in Nigerian agriculture: Shonga Farms. We argue that the iterative process of building conditions of trust through long-term commitment, involvement of regional government, appropriate modes of financial contracts and the gradual transitioning of controlling interests to private actors are factors of success. We draw additional lessons by contrasting our case study with other similar migrant schemes that have failed

Endogenous ownership structure:factors affecting the post-privatisation equity in largest Hungarian firms

Using a data set for the 162 largest Hungarian firms during the period of 1994-1999, this paper explores the determinants of equity shares held by both foreign investors and Hungarian corporations. Evidence is found for a post-privatisation evolution towards more homogeneous equity structures, where dominant categories of Hungarian and foreign owners aim at achieving controlling stakes. In addition, focusing on firm-level characteristics we find that exporting firms attract foreign owners who acquire controlling equity stakes. Similarly, firm-size measurements are positively associated with the presence of foreign investors. However, they are negatively associated with 100% foreign ownership, possibly because the marginal costs of acquiring additional equity are growing with the size of the assets. The results are interpreted within the framework of the existing theory. In particular, following Demsetz and Lehn (1985) and Demsetz and Villalonga (2001) we argue that equity should not be treated as an exogenous variable. As for specific determinants of equity levels, we focus on informational asymmetries and (unobserved) ownership-specific characteristics of foreign investors and Hungarian investors