El deber de cuidado de las organizaciones humanitarias en relación con la violencia sexual contra los trabajadores humanitarios.

Pirola, Angelo, cotutorEl acoso y la violencia sexual es un riesgo para los trabajadores humanitarios, por lo que las organizaciones humanitarias tienen el deber legal y moral de establecer todas las medidas necesarias para prevenirla y abordarla, garantizando la salud, la seguridad y el bienestar de sus empleados. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo desarrollar el deber de cuidado de las organizaciones humanitarias en relación al acoso y violencia sexual contra los trabajadores humanitarios, conociendo la naturaleza del problema y exponiendo las medidas recomendadas para abordarlo. Para lograr el objetivo se ha realizado una búsqueda bibliográfica de los últimos estudios publicados en relación a la violencia sexual contra los trabajadores humanitarios. Los resultados principales del estudio mostraron que la violencia sexual afecta especialmente a las mujeres, así como trabajadores LGTBI y personal nacional, existiendo una ausencia importante de denuncias por parte de las víctimas, y por lo tanto una falta de registro de incidentes de acoso y violencia sexual. En la mayoría de los casos, los agresores fueron los propios compañeros de las organizaciones. Las organizaciones humanitarias deben establecer políticas de tolerancia cero, medidas de prevención, procedimientos de atención, entrenamientos y procesos rigurosos de denuncia, además de llevar a cabo adecuados procesos de reclutamiento.Harassment and sexual violence is a risk for aid workers, so humanitarian organisations have a legal and moral responsibility to establish all the necessary measures to prevent and tackle it, guaranteeing the health, safety and welfare of their employees. The main objective of this essay is to develop of the Duty of care of humanitarian organisations when it comes to regulate the harassment and sexual violence against the aid workers. Getting to the botton of the problem identified by showing the recommended measures to address it. In order to achieve it, a very detail searchers of the latest published studies against aid workers has been carried out. The results of the studies have showed us the sexual violence particularly affects women, as well as LGTBI workers and national staff. As a result the studies show an absence of any allegations of victims and therefore, a lack of registration of incidents of harassment and sexual violence. In many cases, the aggressors were the company staff. Humanitarian organisations must establish zero tolerance, harassment prevention policies, victims´s assistance aid, a formal and monitored complaint procedure followed and appropriate and fully recruitment process.Máster Universitario en Acción Humanitaria Sanitaria (M161

Influencia de la topografía del fondo sobre la estéreo-agudeza

Human depth perception can be strongly affected by the characteristics of the environment. Previous studies have assessed visual acuity in the frontoparallel plane but little is known about the effect of background topography on stereoacuity. In the present experiment, based on alignment tasks, we analyzed how stimulus orientation and 3D background configuration influence stereoscopic vision. An experiment was designed to investigate the influence of stimulus orientation (0, 45 and 90 degrees) and background configuration (flat, black, concave and convex) on precision in 3D visual alignment tasks in a virtual environment. Background was found to result in an underestimation of stereoacuity, with the highest and lowest precision scores in comparison judgment tasks corresponding to convex and concave backgrounds, respectively. In addition, a significant orientation by background interaction was discovered. We conclude that background local depth cues are integrated with our target stimuli to contribute to depth perceptionLas características del medio pueden influir notablemente en la percepción de la profundidad en humanos. Estudios previos han evaluado la agudeza visual en el plano fronto-paralelo sin embargo, desconocemos cómo la topografía de fondo, contra el que se muestra el estímulo, afecta a la agudeza estereoscópica. Hemos diseñado un experimento, en el que aplicamos a los sujetos una tarea de alineación visual, a partir de esta, examinamos cómo la orientación del estímulo y el tipo de relieve de una superficie 3D usada como configuración de fondo, altera la agudeza estereoscópica. Mediante el método de estímulos constantes, investigamos la influencia de la orientación del estímulo (grados 0, 45 y 90) y la configuración de fondo (plano convexo, negro, y cóncava) sobre la precisión en los juicios de alineación visual 3D en un entorno virtual. Los resultados mostraron que el fondo provocaba cierta tendencia a la subestimación de la estéreo-agudeza, obteniéndose las puntuaciones máximas y mínimas, en cuanto a precisión, en los juicios correspondientes a los fondos convexo y cóncavo, respectivamente. Además, el análisis estadístico reveló una interacción significativa entre "orientación x fondo". Concluimos que las claves locales de profundidad de la superficie de fondo se integran con los estímulos que debían alinearse para contribuir a la percepción de profundidad

New evidence of visual space anisotropy with autostereograms

Postprint (published version

Influencia de la topografía del fondo sobre la estéreo-agudeza

Human depth perception can be strongly affected by the characteristics of the environment. Previous studies have assessed visual acuity in the frontoparallel plane but little is known about the effect of background topography on stereoacuity. In the present experiment, based on alignment tasks, we analyzed how stimulus orientation and 3D background configuration influence stereoscopic vision. An experiment was designed to investigate the influence of stimulus orientation (0, 45 and 90 degrees) and background configuration (flat, black, concave and convex) on precision in 3D visual alignment tasks in a virtual environment. Background was found to result in an underestimation of stereoacuity, with the highest and lowest precision scores in comparison judgment tasks corresponding to convex and concave backgrounds, respectively. In addition, a significant orientation by background interaction was discovered. We conclude that background local depth cues are integrated with our target stimuli to contribute to depth perceptionLas características del medio pueden influir notablemente en la percepción de la profundidad en humanos. Estudios previos han evaluado la agudeza visual en el plano fronto-paralelo sin embargo, desconocemos cómo la topografía de fondo, contra el que se muestra el estímulo, afecta a la agudeza estereoscópica. Hemos diseñado un experimento, en el que aplicamos a los sujetos una tarea de alineación visual, a partir de esta, examinamos cómo la orientación del estímulo y el tipo de relieve de una superficie 3D usada como configuración de fondo, altera la agudeza estereoscópica. Mediante el método de estímulos constantes, investigamos la influencia de la orientación del estímulo (grados 0, 45 y 90) y la configuración de fondo (plano convexo, negro, y cóncava) sobre la precisión en los juicios de alineación visual 3D en un entorno virtual. Los resultados mostraron que el fondo provocaba cierta tendencia a la subestimación de la estéreo-agudeza, obteniéndose las puntuaciones máximas y mínimas, en cuanto a precisión, en los juicios correspondientes a los fondos convexo y cóncavo, respectivamente. Además, el análisis estadístico reveló una interacción significativa entre "orientación x fondo". Concluimos que las claves locales de profundidad de la superficie de fondo se integran con los estímulos que debían alinearse para contribuir a la percepción de profundidad

The influence of background topography on stereo-acuity

Human depth perception can be strongly affected by the characteristics of the environment. Previous studies have assessed visual acuity in the frontoparallel plane but little is known about the effect of background topography on stereoacuity. In the present experiment, based on alignment tasks, we analyzed how stimulus orientation and 3D background configuration influence stereoscopic vision. An experiment was designed to investigate the influence of stimulus orientation (0, 45 and 90 degrees) and background configuration (flat, black, concave and convex) on precision in 3D visual alignment tasks in a virtual environment. Background was found to result in an underestimation of stereoacuity, with the highest and lowest precision scores in comparison judgment tasks corresponding to convex and concave backgrounds, respectively. In addition, a significant orientation by background interaction was discovered. We conclude that background local depth cues are integrated with our target stimuli to contribute to depth perceptio

Reconocimiento y garantia de los derechos laborales en los acuerdos de libre comercio suscritos por Chile y vigentes

La memoria que a continuación se presenta se realiza para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Talca. Se titula “Reconocimiento y Garantía de los Derechos Laborales en los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio suscritos por Chile”. Los objetivos perseguidos por la investigación consistieron en determinar el tratamiento que han efectuado los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio suscritos por Chile de los Derechos laborales, el grado de recepción de las directrices de la OIT sobre trabajo decente y, analizar los medios de solución de controversias laborales contemplados en los Acuerdos. La metodología empleada obedece a una investigación jurídicadogmática. Resulta indudable que los derechos laborales establecidos en los Acuerdos de Libre Comercio suscritos por nuestro país, si bien son reconocidos, no son protegidos ni garantizados eficazmente. Sólo son normas creadas para dar viabilidad al comercio, en el sistema propio de la globalización

Nuevas evidencias de la anisotropía del espacio visual en el juicio de distancias en profundidad

Postprint (published version

Patient with hepatocellular carcinoma related to prior acute arsenic intoxication and occult HBV: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic results after 14 years of follow-up

Little is known about the long-term survivors of acute arsenic intoxication. We present here a clinical case report of a man with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who developed hepatocellular carcinoma four years after acute arsenic poisoning. HBsAg was detected in serum in 1990 when he voluntarily donated blood. In 1991, the patient suffered from severe psychological depression that led him to attempt suicide by massive ingestion of an arsenic-containing rodenticide. He survived with polyneuropathy and paralysis of the lower limbs, and has been wheelchair-bound since then. During participation in a follow-up study conducted among HBV carriers, abdominal ultrasound detected a two-centimeter liver mass consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma. The tumor was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance image (MRI). Because of his significant comorbidity, the patient received palliative treatment with transarterial lipiodol chemoembolization (TACE) on three occasions (1996, 1997 and 1999). At his most recent visit in May 2005, the patient was asymptomatic, liver enzymes were normal and the tumor was in remission on ultrasound

Visual fatigue while watching 3D stimuli from different positions

Purpose: When observers focus their stereoscopic visual system for a long time (e.g., watching a 3D movie) they may experience visual discomfort or asthenopia. We tested two types of models for predicting visual fatigue in a task in which subjects were instructed to discriminate between 3D characters. One model was based on viewing distance (focal distance, vergence distance) and another in visual direction (oculomotor imbalance). Method: A 3D test was designed to assess binocular visual fatigue while looking at 3D stimuli located in different visual directions and viewed from two distances from the screen. The observers were tested under three conditions: (a) normal vision; (b) wearing a lens (−2 diop.); (c) wearing a base-out prism (2 ) over each eye. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated (as Signal Detection Theory parameters: SDT). Results: An ANOVA and SDT analyses revealed that impaired visual performance were directly related to short distance and larger deviation in visual direction, particularly when the stimuli were located nearer and at more than 24◦ to the centre of the screen in dextroversion and beyond. Conclusion: This results support a mixed model, combining a model based on the visual angle (related to viewing distance) and another based on the oculomotor imbalance (related to visual direction). This mixed model could help to predict the distribution of seats in the cinema room ranging from those that produce greater visual comfort to those that produce more visual discomfort. Also could be a first step to pre-diagnosis of binocular vision disorders

Neutralizing Autoantibodies to Type I IFNs in >10% of Patients with Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Hospitalized in Madrid, Spain

Background: In a recent study, autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons (IFNs) were present in at least 10% of cases of critical COVID-19 pneumonia. These autoantibodies neutralized most type I IFNs but rarely IFN-beta. Objectives: We aimed to define the prevalence of autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFN in a cohort of patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia treated with IFN-beta-1b during hospitalization and to analyze their impact on various clinical variables and outcomes. Methods: We analyzed stored serum/plasma samples and clinical data of COVID-19 patients treated subcutaneously with IFN-beta-1b from March to May 2020, at the Infanta Leonor University Hospital in Madrid, Spain. Results: The cohort comprised 47 COVID-19 patients with severe pneumonia, 16 of whom (34%) had a critical progression requiring ICU admission. The median age was 71 years, with 28 men (58.6%). Type I IFN-alpha- and omega-neutralizing autoantibodies were found in 5 of 47 patients with severe pneumonia or critical disease (10.6%), while they were not found in any of the 118 asymptomatic controls (p = 0.0016). The autoantibodies did not neutralize IFN-beta. No demographic, comorbidity, or clinical differences were seen between individuals with or without autoantibodies. We found a significant correlation between the presence of neutralizing autoantibodies and higher C-reactive protein levels (p = 5.10e-03) and lower lymphocyte counts (p = 1.80e-02). No significant association with response to IFN-beta-1b therapy (p = 0.34) was found. Survival analysis suggested that neutralizing autoantibodies may increase the risk of death (4/5, 80% vs 12/42, 28.5%). Conclusion: Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFN underlie severe/critical COVID-19 stages in at least 10% of cases, correlate with increased C-RP and lower lymphocyte counts, and confer a trend towards increased risk of death. Subcutaneous IFN-beta treatment of hospitalized patients did not seem to improve clinical outcome. Studies of earlier, ambulatory IFN-beta treatment are warranted