SPODOBASE : an EST database for the lepidopteran crop pest Spodoptera

BACKGROUND: The Lepidoptera Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest which causes widespread economic damage on a variety of crop plants. It is also well known through its famous Sf9 cell line which is used for numerous heterologous protein productions. Species of the Spodoptera genus are used as model for pesticide resistance and to study virus host interactions. A genomic approach is now a critical step for further new developments in biology and pathology of these insects, and the results of ESTs sequencing efforts need to be structured into databases providing an integrated set of tools and informations. DESCRIPTION: The ESTs from five independent cDNA libraries, prepared from three different S. frugiperda tissues (hemocytes, midgut and fat body) and from the Sf9 cell line, are deposited in the database. These tissues were chosen because of their importance in biological processes such as immune response, development and plant/insect interaction. So far, the SPODOBASE contains 29,325 ESTs, which are cleaned and clustered into non-redundant sets (2294 clusters and 6103 singletons). The SPODOBASE is constructed in such a way that other ESTs from S. frugiperda or other species may be added. User can retrieve information using text searches, pre-formatted queries, query assistant or blast searches. Annotation is provided against NCBI, UNIPROT or Bombyx mori ESTs databases, and with GO-Slim vocabulary. CONCLUSION: The SPODOBASE database provides integrated access to expressed sequence tags (EST) from the lepidopteran insect Spodoptera frugiperda. It is a publicly available structured database with insect pest sequences which will allow identification of a number of genes and comprehensive cloning of gene families of interest for scientific community. SPODOBASE is available from URL

De la genèse de la pédagogie comme problème philosophique

Pédagogie et philosophie! deux concepts indissolublement liés. L'histoire de la pédagogie est inséparable de celle de la philosophie. Cependant, avec le progrès des sciences et des techniques, la fin du XXe siècle voit apparaître pour la première fois dans cette interdépendance des deux histoires, une cassure que les siècles précédents n'avaient pas connue. Comment retrouver actuellement les fondations philosophiques de la pédagogie et refaire l'unité des relations entre pédagogie et philosophie telles qu'elles ont émergé ensemble dans la pensée philosophique et pédagogique de Platon? Telle est la question principale de cette recherche. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une recherche à la fois pédagogique et philosophique. Il soulève la question de la dissociation possible entre la philosophie et la pédagogie. Il se situe dans le cadre de la philosophie de l'histoire et de la culture. Il commence par définir les concepts directeurs de la thèse en vue d'examiner les fondations philosophiques de la pédagogie. Le cadre méthodologique est construit à partir de la combinaison stratégique de deux approches analytique et synthétique mises en corrélation méthodique dans l'examen des idées concernant la genèse de la pédagogie. Cela ouvre la voie à une lecture nouvelle de cette genèse. On pourra ainsi mieux comprendre l'importance et le rôle actuel de l'enseignement de la philosophie et son apport fondamental aux autres disciplines des programmes de formation. Plusieurs figures et tableaux illustrent des thématiques particulières et permettent de mieux voir l'ensemble des éléments décrits dans l'analyse de ces thématiques. Si le sens premier de cette recherche est de retrouver les fondations philosophiques de la pédagogie, son objectif ultime est de contribuer à définir, à partir de ces fondations retrouvées, de nouvelles voies d'articulation entre la philosophie et la pédagogie dans ses modes d'expression culturels actuels. C'est en cela que consiste l'originalité de cette thèse

Experiments on the practical control of stored grain insects with a revolving drum-type heater

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1931 A9

La navigation rhodanienne en 1972 : un constat en fin de cycle

Though the Rhône is now doubled almost entirely by a wide-gauged navigation stream, two unoperating sections will remain till 1976. Onto that date, the traffic run by an obsolete fleet will remain unadequate. Nevertheless the analysis of the potential traffic shows that there are enough features to bring about — as soon as the new navigable stream is operating — a modern system of navigation with pushed barges.Bien que le Rhône soit à présent doublé presque entièrement par une voie navigable à grand gabarit, il restera jusqu'en 1976 deux sections non-équipées. Jusqu'à cette date, le trafic assuré par une flotte obsolète demeurera inadéquat. Néanmoins, l'analyse du trafic potentiel montre qu'il y a suffisamment d'éléments pour envisager la mise en place — dès que la voie navigable sera achevée — d'un système de navigation moderne au moyen de barges poussées.Audant Joseph, Bethemont Jacques. La navigation rhodanienne en 1972 : un constat en fin de cycle. In: Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 48, n°4, 1973. pp. 317-329

Título en español.

Resumen en inglés.Resumen en español

Xenobiotic response in \u3ci\u3eDrosophila melanogaster\u3c/i\u3e: Sex dependence of P450 and GST gene induction

The effect of xenobiotics (phenobarbital and atrazine) on the expression of Drosophila melanogaster CYP genes encoding cytochromes P450, a gene family generally associated with detoxification, was analyzed by DNA microarray hybridization and verified by real-time RT-PCR in adults of both sexes. Only a small subset of the 86 CYP genes was significantly induced by the xenobiotics. Eleven CYP genes and three glutathione S-transferases (GST) genes were significantly induced by phenobarbital, seven CYP and one GST gene were induced by atrazine. Cyp6d5, Cyp6w1, Cyp12d1 and the ecdysone-inducible Cyp6a2 were induced by both chemicals. The constitutive expression of several of the inducible genes (Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp6d5, Cyp12d1) was higher in males than in females, and the induced level similar in both sexes. Thus, the level of induction was consistently higher in females than in males. The female-specific and hormonally regulated yolk protein genes were significantly induced by phenobarbital in males and repressed by atrazine in females. Our results suggest that the numerous CYP genes of Drosophila respond selectively to xenobiotics, providing the fl y with an adaptive response to chemically adverse environments. The xenobiotic inducibility of some CYP genes previously associated with insecticide resistance in laboratory-selected strains (Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp12d1) suggests that deregulation of P450 gene expression may be a facile way to achieve resistance. Our study also suggests that xenobiotic-induced changes in P450 levels can affect insect fitness by interfering with hormonally regulated networks

Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of mother-to-egg immune protection in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor

In a number of species, individuals exposed to pathogens can mount an immune response and transmit this immunological experience to their offspring, thereby protecting them against persistent threats. Such vertical transfer of immunity, named trans-generational immune priming (TGIP), has been described in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Although increasingly studied during the last decade, the mechanisms underlying TGIP in invertebrates are still elusive, especially those protecting the earliest offspring life stage, i.e. the embryo developing in the egg. In the present study, we combined different proteomic and transcriptomic approaches to determine whether mothers transfer a “signal” (such as fragments of infecting bacteria), mRNA and/or protein/peptide effectors to protect their eggs against two natural bacterial pathogens, namely the Gram-positive Bacillus thuringiensis and the Gram-negative Serratia entomophila. By taking the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor as a biological model, our results suggest that eggs are mainly protected by an active direct transfer of a restricted number of immune proteins and of antimicrobial peptides. In contrast, the present data do not support the involvement of mRNA transfer while the transmission of a “signal”, if it happens, is marginal and only occurs within 24h after maternal exposure to bacteria. This work exemplifies how combining global approaches helps to disentangle the different scenarios of a complex trait, providing a comprehensive characterization of TGIP mechanisms in T. molitor. It also paves the way for future alike studies focusing on TGIP in a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates to identify additional candidates that could be specific to TGIP and to investigate whether the TGIP mechanisms found herein are specific or common to all insect species. Author summary   All living organisms are regularly exposed to a wide and diverse range of pathogens. To protect themselves, many species have developed an immune system able to detect and eradicate these pathogens. Most interestingly, this immunological experience can be transferred by parents to their offspring to protect them from pathogens that may persist in the environment and to which they could be exposed during their life. While extensively studied in vertebrates, this phenomenon–called trans-generational immune priming (TGIP)–has only been identified a decade ago in invertebrates and the supporting molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. Recently, we proposed four different scenarios as a practical framework to investigate the mechanisms supporting this complex phenomenon. In the present study, we combined different molecular approaches to disentangle these different scenarios and provide a comprehensive characterization of maternal TGIP mechanisms in a model insect, the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor

Spodoptera EST sequencing and analysis of synteny among 3 species bring new perspectives for Lepidoptera genomics

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