EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS AND TRACE ELEMENTS ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS QUÉL.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of biochemical sources viz., growth regulators and trace elements on the vegetative growth of Pleurotus sapidus Quél. It has a great commercial potential being an edible and wood decaying fungus. Mushrooms need carbon and nitrogen for structural and functional purposes in addition to trace elements, growth regulators and vitamins. Therefore, evaluation of their role in influencing the growth of the mushroom is a necessary aspect to be studied.Methods: Fresh sporocarps of P. sapidus were collected from rotten stumps of Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br and its pure culture was raised on Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The malt broth liquid medium at 28±1 °C was used as a basal medium for investigating the role of growth regulators (gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and kinetin) and trace elements (manganese, iron, molybdenum, boron and zinc). Different concentrations of growth regulators and salts with trace elements were added to separate medium flask to compare the growth.Results: The comparative study of various concentrations of growth regulators and trace elements has shown that the cultures supplemented with 5 ppm gibberellic acid and 5 ppm boron, respectively gave maximum mycelial growth of P. sapidus.Conclusion: The vegetative growth of P. sapidus can be enhanced by adding gibberellic acid and boron in the basal medium

Optimization, Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Exo- and Intracellular Polysaccharides in Submerged Culture of Cordyceps gracilis

Under present experiments, EPS and IPS production, monosaccharide composition, and antioxidant activities of C. gracilis were studied for the first time under submerged culture conditions. Effect of different factors on polysaccharides production was studied by orthogonal experiments using one-factor-at-a-time method. Incubation of culture in the medium with capacity 200 mL (675.12 ± 5.01 and 385.20 ± 5.01 mg/L), rotation speed 150 rpm (324.62 ± 3.32 and 254.62 ± 4.62 mg/L), 6-day culture incubation time (445.24 ± 1.11, 216.60 ± 1.71 mg/L), pH 6.0 (374.81 ± 2.52 and 219.45 ± 2.59 mg/L), and temperature 23°C (405.24 ± 1.11 and 215.60 ± 1.71 mg/L) produced higher EPS and IPS, respectively. Maximum EPS and IPS production was observed in the medium supplemented with glucose as a carbon source (464.82 ± 2.12 and 264.42 ± 2.62 mg/L) and yeast extract as a nitrogen source (465.21 ± 3.11 and 245.17 ± 3.24 mg/L), respectively. Carbon to nitrogen ratio for maximum EPS and IPS production was observed as 10 : 1 (395.29 ± 2.15 and 235.62 ± 1.40 mg/L), respectively. Glucose was found to be the major monosaccharide (62.15 ± 7.33%). Both EPS and IPS of C. gracilis showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and iron chelating activity

AMINO ACID PROFILE OF A BASIDIOMYCETOUS EDIBLE MUSHROOM-LENTINUS SAJOR-CAJU

Objective: In this paper amino acid profile of Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr., a basidiomycetous mushroom has been investigated.Methods: During the evaluation 15 amino acids (lysine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, glutamic acid, cysteine, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and histidine) were determined from the dried sample of Lentinus sajor-caju by following the standard technique of biochemistry using ion-exchange chromatography.Results: The total amino acid content has been evaluated at 18.82 g/100g. Amongst the evaluated amino acids, exogenous amino acid lysine (6.66 g/100g) is preponderantly present in comparison to all other amino acids. The essential amino acid (EAA) index (44.64%) and biological value (BV=36.93%) has also been determined for the examined sample.Conclusion: Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr. is a potential source of quality protein with a substantial proportion of exogenous and endogenous amino acids

The genus Lentinus (Basidiomycetes) from India - an annotated checklist

An annotated checklist of species of genus Lentinus has been presented in this paper. On scrutiny of the latest authentic literature and mycobank record, out of a total of 41 documented species from India, 20 were found to be valid species while 21 were invalid species which were found to be synonyms. </div

Retraction Note: Optimized extraction, composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of exo and intracellular polysaccharides from submerged culture of Cordyceps cicadae

The editor has retracted this article [1] due to overlap with a previously published article [2]. Both articles also appear to use the same image representing different fungal mycelial growths. S.K. Sharma and N.S. Atri do not agree to this retraction. N. Gautam has not responded to correspondence from the editor about this retraction

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Optimized extraction, composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of exo and intracellular polysaccharides from submerged culture of Cordyceps cicadae

Abstract Background Cordyceps cicadae is known as Jin Chan Hua in Traditional Chinese Medicine and known to possess different pharmacological activities. Presently, it was collected from the wild and isolated. Mycelial culture was optimized for extraction of polysaccharides under submerged culture conditions. Besides antioxidant, antibacterial activities of extracted polysaccharides were tested for first time. Methods Exo-polysaccharides (EPS) and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) production was tested under different factors (medium capacity, rotation speed, pH, incubation time, temperature, carbon, nitrogen, minerals sources and carbon to nitrogen ratio) by orthogonal experiments using one-factor-at-a-time method. Monosaccharides composition of polysaccharides produced by C. cicadae was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on eight bacterial strains were checked by different standard procedures. Results Factors viz., medium capacity, rotation speed, incubation time, pH and temperature affected the EPS and IPS production under submerged culture conditions. EPS and IPS production was observed to vary with different carbon and nitrogen sources as well as C/N ratio. Glucose was the major component of polysaccharides (63.10 ± 4.15 %). Extracted EPS and IPS showed higher antioxidant potential with significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power and iron chelating activity. Antimicrobial activities of EPS and IPS varied among the tested bacterial strains. IPS showed slightly higher inhibition rate to all the tested bacterial strains as compared to EPS. Maximum inhibition zones of IPS (12.9 ± 0.2 mm) and EPS (12.5 ± 0.3 mm) was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10 % con. However, both EPS and IPS fractions showed broad spectrum for all the pathogenic microbial strains tested. The MIC of both the extracts ranged from 60–100 mg/mL. Conclusions EPS and IPS production from submerged culture of C. cicadae with significant antioxidant and antibacterial potential can be enhanced with the combination of several factors which can be used for large scale industrial fermentation of C. cicadae

Fungal Systematics and Evolution : FUSE 4

Eight new species presented are Calostoma areolatum collected in Wuyishan National Park (China), Crinipellis bidens from Hubei Province (China), Lactifluus sainii from Himalayan India, Inocybe elata from Yunnan (China), Inocybe himalayensis from Pakistan. Specimens previously identified as Massalongia carnosa represent a new species, namely M. patagonica restricted to southern South America. Saprolegnia maragheica is a new oomycete species of fresh water in Maraghe (Iran). Uncispora wuzhishanensis is a new aquatic hyphomycete species. A type specimen of Raddetes turkestanicus was studied and based on this the new combination Conocybe turkestanica, is proposed. Argyranthemum frutescens is a new host for Alternaria alternata and Syzygium cumini for Phyllosticta capitalensis in India. Crepidotus ehrendorferi is confirmed for Hungary and Pluteus leucoborealis for Central Europe, and for the phytogeographical region of Carpaticum. Pseudopithomyces palmicola is shown to occur on grapevine and it is validated by adding a unique identifier. Terfezia fanfani is reported first from Algeria.Peer reviewe