Isolasi dan Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Kloroform Daun Tembelekan (L. camara Linn.) dan Uji Potensi Sebagai Senyawa Antibakteri Alami

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder ekstrak kloroform daun tembelekan (L. camara Linn.) dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri isolat terhadap bakteri.Penelitian dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap diantaranya ekstraksi, fraksinasi, pemurnian dengan kolom kromatografi, uji golongan, uji titik leleh, uji spektroskopi IR, dan uji spektroskopi NMR dan uji potensi antibakteri dengan metode difusi menggunakan medium agar. Hasil penelitian diperoleh isolat berupa kristal yang berbentuk jarum berwarna putih dengan titik leleh 212-213oC sebanyak 15,24 mg, uji dengan pereaksi FeCl3 menunjukkan positif flavonoid. Data Spektrum IR menunjukkan beberapa gugus fungsi pada panjang gelombang (cm-1) yakni 3300 (OH), 2926, 2866 (C-H pada CH3 dan CH2ulur), 1465, 1381 (C-H pada CH3 dan CH2 tekuk), 1138(C–O), 1230 (C-O fenol), 1072 (C-O aril eter), 1708, 1695 (C=O keton), 1649 (C=C aromatik), 821, 725 (C-H aromatik). 1H-NMR menunjukkan adanya geseran kimia (cm-1) yakni 3,894, 4,042, 6,577, 6,591, 7,012, 7,029, 7,833, 7, 851 (H pada C-H aromatik) dan 13,086 (H pada alkohol) menunjukkan bahwasenyawa yang  diperoleh memiliki kemiripan dengan senyawa flavonoid turunan flavon. Pengujian ekstrak kloroforom dan beberapa fraksi KKT  menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcusaureusdan Escherichiacoli.Kata kunci:L. camara Linn, Flavonoid, Flavon, Antibakteri, S. aureus, E.coli. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research to isolate andidentifyand secondary metabolite compound contained in chloroform extract of Tembelekan leaves (L. camara Linn.) and Assay to its antibacterial activity. This research was carried out in several steps: extraction, fractionation, purification by coloumn chromatography, colour test, infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and potential antibacterial test with diffusion with jelly medium. The obtained isolate of white-needle crystal, with melting point at 212-213oC had 15,24 mg weight, andpositive to flavonoid reagent test. Infrared spectrum shows, the presence of several functional groups on the wavelength (cm-1) is 3300 (OH),  2926, 2866 ( C-H in CH3 and CH2stretching), 1465, 1381 ( C-H in CH3 and CH2 bending), 1138 (C-O), 1230 (C-O phenol), 1072 (C-O aril eter), 1708, 1695 (C=O keton), 1649 (C=C aromatic), and 821, 725 ( C-H aromatic).1HNMR spectrum that seems to suggest chemical shift (cm-1) is 3,894, 4,042, 6,577, 6,591, 7,012, 7,029, 7,833, 7,851 (H in C-H aromatic) and 13,086 (H in alcohol). The compound flavonoid categoryflavone. Chloroform crude extract, some fraction chromatography column flash and the isolate compound have antibacterial activity against characteristic to Staphylococcus aureus bacteri dan Escherichia coli bacteri.Keywords: L. camara Linn, flavonoid, flavone, antibacterial, S. aureus, E. coli.

PEMBERIAN PMT DENGAN BAHAN LOKAL PADA BALITA DENGAN MASALAH GIZI DI KABUPATEN ENREKANG

Kurang gizi dan stunting merupakan dua masalah yang saling berhubungan. Stunting pada anak merupakan dampak dari defisiensi nutrien selama seribu hari pertama kehidupan. Hal ini menimbulkan gangguan perkembangan fisik anak yang irreversible, sehingga menyebabkan penurunan kemampuan kognitif dan motorik serta penurunan performa kerja. prioritas masalah yang ditemukan yaitu tingginya angka kejadian stunting dengan data hasil pengkajian awal ditemukan 25 anak yang mengalami stunting, solusi yang di tawarkan dalam penyelesaian masalah tersebut yaitu Pemberian Makanan Tambahan ( PMT ) yang diberikan kepada balita stunting berupa PMT bubur kacang hijau selama 10 hari berturut-turut, Dari hasil intervensi yang telah dilakukan dengan pemberian bubur kacang hijau selama 10 hari berturut-turut yaitu terdapat perbedaan berat badan dan panjang atau tinggi badan sebelum pemberian bubur kacang hijau dan setelah pemberian bubur kacang hijau dengan adanya perubahan peningkatan di masing-masing individu yaitu dari 25 Anak yang mengalami Stunting setelah diberikan bubur kacang hijau selama 10 hari berturut – turut dan terpantau, didapatkan hasil adanya peningkatan berat badan dan peningkatan tinggi/panjang badan sebanyak 12 anak (40%). Dan sebanyak 11 anak (42,3) yang hanya mengalami peningkatan berat badan serta 2 orang anak yang dinyatakan sembuh dari stuntin

Monsters: interdisciplinary explorations in monstrosity

There is a continued fascination with all things monster. This is partly due to the popular reception of Mary Shelley’s Monster, termed a “new species” by its overreaching but admiringly determined maker Victor Frankenstein in the eponymous novel first published in 1818. The enduring impact of Shelley’s novel, which spans a plethora of subjects and genres in imagery and themes, raises questions of origin and identity, death, birth and family relationships as well as the contradictory qualities of the monster. Monsters serve as metaphors for anxieties of aberration and innovation. Stephen Asma (2009) notes that monsters represent evil or moral transgression and each epoch, to speak with Michel Foucault, evidences a “particular type of monster” (2003, 66). Academic debates tend to explore how social and cultural threats come to be embodied in the figure of a monster and their actions literalize our deepest fears. Monsters in contemporary culture, however, have become are more humane than ever before. Monsters are strong, resilient, creative and sly creatures. Through their playful and invigorating energy they can be seen to disrupt and unsettle. They still cater to the appetite for horror, but they also encourage us to feel empathy. The encounter with a monster can enable us to stop, wonder and change our attitudes towards technology and our body and each other. This commentary article considers the use of the concepts of ‘monsters’ or ‘monstrosity’ in literature, contemporary research, culture and teaching contexts at the intersection of the Humanities and the Social Sciences

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.Peer reviewe

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030