Research as a principle of conceptualization for design

Designing a formal speech, an idea or structure of ideas that give origin, demands a concept. This activity is seen as a process that articulates a coherent concept; its formal synthesis, the expression or conceptual projection in an object shape is never the same under question from various backgrounds. As it can be seen, the project proposal begins with the investigation of a topic in relation to the context and the potential consumer. Later this information is used to represent a mental idea –colors, lines, dots, shapes, as language–, and then it is written or represent it as a sketch, in order to create the final concept of the design object. Once this is done, the graphical representation of the concept is initiated by the elements of visual alphabet, usually in specialized computer software. Then, in a sustainable way, production is manufactured and distribution programmed –implantation–. Finally, an evaluation of the work is perform from its substance, emphasizing the importance of systematic and methodological research to its conceptualization in order to represent the argumentative way, besides observing the topic of Social Responsibility.Scientific research is an extremely important issue not only for general and particular knowledge of sciences and disciplines, but also it supports the reflection of the investigated issue with the purpose of expanding the known. At the same time, deliberation about what it has been investigated represents a fertile field of development possibilities of understanding the current reality; theoretical and methodological positions from which research problems are addressed, ensure that the resulting arguments observe a systemic, useful, truthful and suitable course of which the content started out. This knowledge is focused on general or individual problems that require to be updating or prospecting, either to extend or deepen the epistemic frame of disciplines and sciences –basic research– or to solve specific problems of precise necessity –applied research–, even a branch of this second is known as technological development in Mexico1. In disciplines such as design, research becomes essential to structure appropriately society processes on the current existing hyper technique and mediated civilization. Once the designer lives and recognizes through systemic perception or experience –it means that designer must hold diverse research skills–, therefore it is possible to create a concept from reflection. The deeper or wider this experience is, vaster the concept will be in richness and depth. In other words, a greater amount of conceptualization referents will be developed in terms of objects poiesis and user’s identity references, when the designer has a larger amount of knowledge of life, or particular lives’ contexts

Natural materials to absorb water from environment

The culture of water conservation should not only be for the benefit of humans but also for nature, which modifies its structures everyday trying to help humanity. At some point man will pay his stubbornness trying to improve his lifestyle at the expense of the planet. While the water is still contaminated, we must care about its importance not only for men have a sustainable life, but also for other living beings. That is why we should think of efficient use of proper water consumption, through new materials that emulate naturals systems and structures, which make them sustainable, and avoid mixing it with difficult pollutants to remove such as oils, soaps or chemicals pharmaceutical industries (although these ones are due to the lack of importance and seriousness to follow the policies of care and preservation of water). Future generations depend on new ways to obtain and manage water as a resource, but more importantly, it is necessary to reestablish the natural balance with our planet and its resources.In nature, there are a large number of materials to be discovered, all with different characteristics and for certain functions. In the case of plants, they are responsible for collecting, taking care and protect water naturally. In Mexico there are different plants of the cactus family, which catch and retain water for their existence, so some plants collect more volume of body water than they have. It is very important for this investigation. In Mexico and throughout the continent there is a common cactus or prickly pear that easily adapts to the environment and very rampant in this country, so that its study and analysis makes it one of the most important natural systems for this research, because 95% of it is water and the other 5% is organic material. Later, the common Maguey or agave plant is analyzed, which is important for the history of ancient Mexico, this long before the Spaniards arrived in America. The agave juice and whole plant were an important part of Mexican culture [1], even today is used in many regions and is an important part of the economy in this country. Last but not least is the barrel cactus plant, which surprisingly lets us see how natural systems build structural and formal elements in order to the creation and configuration of new materials that can significantly help to collect water

Evaluating the phylogenetic position of the monotypic family Halophytaceae (Portulacinae, Caryophyllales) based on plastid and nuclear molecular data sets

In spite of numerous phylogenetic studies to determine relationships in Order Caryophyllales and particularly in the suborder Portulacinae, the position of Halophytaceae remains controversial. Halophytum ameghinoi belongs to this monotypic succulent herbaceous family, which is endemic to the Argentine Monte eco-region, in arid and semi-arid scrubland. Some have suggested a relationship with Chenopodiaceae and others a close relationship with Basellaceae and/or Portulacaceae. We performed detailed phylogenetic analyses using the nuclear (18S, ITS, and 26S) and plastid regions (atpB, trnK/matK, ndhF, rbcL, and rpl16) of previous and newly obtained DNA sequences in the suborder Portulacinae to clarify Halophytum’s relationships and to identify the DNA markers with the strongest phylogenetic signal. Phylogenetic analyses performed with the total evidence data matrix confi rmed a close relationship between Halophytum and Basellaceae and a close relationship of both with Didiereaceae. The DNA marker with the most parsimony informative sites was the plastid trnK/matK, followed by ndhF. When the proportion of variable to informative sites is considered, the nuclear ITS region retrieved the most informative sites. However, phylogenetic trees retrieved by total evidence analyses improve branch support if this nuclear region is not used.: A pesar de numerosos estudios fi logenéticos para determinar las relaciones de las familias del orden Caryophyllales y particularmente del suborden Portulacinae, no se ha establecido aún la posición de Halophytaceae. Halophytum ameghinoi es el único representante de esta familia de hierbas suculentas, endémico de la ecoregión Monte Argentino, creciendo en vegetación arbustiva árida o semi-árida. Algunos autores han sugerido una relación con Chenopodiaceae y otros con Basellaceae y/o Portulacaceae y Montiaceae. Para determinar la posición de Halophytum en el suborden Portulacinae se llevaron a cabo análisis fi logenéticos utilizando regiones nucleares (18S, ITS, 26S) y regiones de cloroplasto (atpB, trnK/matK, ndhF, rbcL y rpl16), de secuencias de ADN previas y secuenciadas en este proyecto. El análisis fi logenético basado en la matriz de evidencia total confi rmó una cercana relación entre Halophytum y Basellaceae. Estos dos grupos resultaron cercanamente emparentados con Didiereaceae. La región de ADN con mayor número de sitios variables fue la región de cloroplasto trnk/matK seguida por ndhF, aunque la región nuclear de ITS resultó con más sitios variables si se toma en cuenta el porcentaje de sitios variables/sitios informativos. Sin embargo, si esta región nuclear es eliminada, los árboles fi logenéticos muestran valores de soporte de ramas más altos.Fil: Anton, Ana Maria Ramona. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Hernández Hernández, Tania. Instituto de Ecología; MéxicoFil: De Nova, Arturo. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí.; MéxicoFil: Sosa, Victoria. Instituto de Ecología; Méxic

Evaluation of Water Vapor Radiative Effects Using GPS Data Series over Southwestern Europe

Producción CientíficaWater vapor radiative effects (WVRE) at surface in the long-wave (LW) and short-wave (SW) spectral ranges under cloud and aerosol free conditions are analyzed for seven stations in Spain over the 2007–2015 period. WVRE is calculated as the difference between the net flux obtained by two radiative transfer simulations; one with water vapor from Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements and the other one without any water vapor (dry atmosphere). The WVRE in the LW ranges from 107.9Wm2 to 296.7Wm−2 , while in the SW it goes from −64.9Wm−2 to −6.0Wm−2 . The results show a clear seasonal cycle, which allows the classification of stations in three sub-regions. In general, for total (SW + LW) and LW WVRE, winter (DJF) and spring (MAM) values are lower than summer (JJA) and autumn (SON). However, in the case of SW WVRE, the weaker values are in winter and autumn, and the stronger ones in summer and spring. Positive trends for LW (and total) WVRE may partially explain the well-known increase of surface air temperatures in the study region. Additionally, negative trends for SW WVRE are especially remarkable, since they represent about a quarter of the contribution of aerosols to the strong brightening effect (increase of the SW radiation flux at surface associated with a reduction of the cloud cover and aerosol load) observed since the 2000s in the Iberian Peninsula, but with opposite sign, so it is suggested that water vapor could be partially masking the full magnitude of this brightening.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (grant CGL2017-87917-P)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (grant IB18092)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (project RTI2018-097864-B-I00 and fellowship RYC-2016–20784)Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Social Europeo (fellowship PD18029

New Analytical Evidence of Discontinuous Oxidation in Dried Microencapsulated Lipids

24 Páginas; 4 FigurasFormation of hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-dienes was studied at 40 °C in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) microencapsulated in a dairy-like matrix formed by lactose and sodium caseinate. The FAME were obtained from conventional sunflower oil and the microcapsules were prepared by freeze-drying of an oil-in-water emulsion. For comparative purposes a neat sample of FAME was also tested. Results showed that for a given content of hydroperoxydienes much more elevated amounts of secondary products were detected in the microencapsulated sample compared to the neat sample of FAME. The contents of keto- and hydroxy-dienes found in the microencapsulated FAME ranged as a whole between 6 and 31 wt% of the analyzed compounds, while the neat sample showed values lower than 1.5 %. Along with the fact that relatively higher contents of polymers were also found in the encapsulated sample, these results can be attributed to lipid droplets with very different oxidation states. On the one hand, the extract would be formed from droplets in early stages of oxidation containing hydroperoxides and very low contents of secondary products and, on the other, from droplets in advanced stages with decreased hydroperoxides and substantial contents of secondary products. Unlike the neat sample, hydroxy-dienes formed with significantly higher amounts than keto-dienes in the microencapsulated FAME, suggesting a possible chemical role of the encapsulation matrix.This work was funded by the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” through project AGL2013-45110-R, “Junta de Andalucía” through project P09-AGR-4622 and CSIC through a PIE project with reference 201270E134.Peer reviewe

Los nuevos paradigmas para enseñar en las carreras de Comunicaciones en América Latina. Manual de cómo no perder adeptos a la competencia comunicativa

Las nuevas formas de enseñar periodismo y carreras de comunicaciones en las universidades latinoamericanas están rompiendo paradigmas. Existe diversidad de contenidos que es necesario analizar para poder saber cómo aplicarlos en el contexto moderno en la era virtual. Es interesante descubrir cómo han avanzado las tecnologías y la forma de enseñar. Las universidades aplican periódicamente reformas en las currículas. El objetivo ha sido cautivar a los estudiantes y lograr enseñarles lo que se necesita aprender; con ello logra emplearse en un medio de comunicación o tener su propia empresa. No es competente ver a un estudiante de periodismo que siga solamente escribiendo textos y tomando fotos. En la actualidad el mundo digital sigue transformando esta carrera. Es más, la licenciatura en periodismo le apuesta también al formato digital. Un clic es suficiente para publicar información y se viralice por el planeta. Se debe tener en cuenta que se compite con cibernautas que hacen páginas web: son youtubers, blogueros, etc. Por lo tanto, la investigación se centra en los aspectos positivos por la utilización de las tecnologías modernas en la era actual en las universidades; además de las oportunidades que se tienen para poder educarse en muchos contextos. Un curso de aprendizaje libre “MOOCS” permite aprender, sin necesidad de estar inscrito en una universidad. Las universidades tienen que hacer una reingeniería constantemente en muchos aspectos como capacitación docente, cambios curriculares, adaptación a nuevas tecnologías y equipamiento de las escuelas de comunicación, especialmente en la didáctica referente a las nuevas formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Si no lo hacen se decepcionarán los estudiantes. Las personas que no están inscritas en las universidades juegan a ser comunicadores o periodistas. La alfabetización digital está marcada cada vez más y es idóneo que se enseñe desde una perspectiva holística debido a la heterogeneidad de entes comunicativos existentes. Las comunicaciones 2.0 y la “Generación Y” o “Millennials”, están enfocadas más a carreras en el ámbito virtual.New ways of teaching journalism and communications careers in Latin American universities are breaking paradigms. There is a diversity of content that needs to be analyzed in order to know how to apply them in the modern context in the virtual age. It is interesting to discover how technology has advanced and how to teach. Universities regularly apply curriculum reforms. The goal has been to captivate the students and to teach them what needs to be learned; With that he manages to be employed in a medium of communication or to have his own company. It is not competent to see a journalism student who continues to only write texts and take photos. At present, the digital world continues to transform this career. Moreover, the degree in journalism also bets on the digital format. One click is enough to publish information and become viral on the planet. It should be borne in mind that competing with netizens who make web pages, are youtubers, bloggers, etc. Therefore, research focuses on the positive aspects of the use of modern technologies in the current era in universities; In addition to the opportunities that have to be educated in many contexts. A free learning course "MOOCS" allows learning, without having to be enrolled in a university. Universities have to constantly reengineer in many aspects such as: teacher training, curricular changes, adaptation to new technologies and equipment of communication schools, especially in the teaching of new forms of teaching and learning. If they do not they will disappoint the students. People who are not registered in universities play as communicators or journalists. Digital literacy is increasingly marked and it is appropriate to teach from a holistic perspective due to the heterogeneity of existing communicative entities. In addition, 2.0 communications and "Generation Y" or "Millennials", generations "Z" and those that come, are giving a different twist to teach

Assessment of Discontinuous Oxidation in Microencapsulated FAME based upon Analysis of Hydroperoxy-, Keto- and Hydroperoxydienes

Today there are a number of formulated food o/w emulsions that are dehydrated such as infant formulae and others containing polyunsaturated lipids and oils of nutritional value. As a result of drying, the lipids are microencapsulated in the carbohydrates and/or proteins formerly present in the aqueous phase. Evaluation and control of lipid oxidation in such products are of great significance because of losses of quality and the formation of compounds that may even be detrimental to health. Oxidized droplets may occur in different conditions and complex mixtures of primary, secondary and even advanced oxidation compounds may be detected in quite different proportions to those found in continuous phase. In these cases evaluation of oxidation would be possible by applying a novel HPLC method. In the present study formation of hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy- dienes was studied at 40 ºC in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) microencapsulated in a dairy-like matrix. The FAME were obtained from conventional sunflower oil and the microcapsules were prepared by freeze-drying of an oil-in-water emulsion containing sodium caseinate and lactose. For comparative purposes a neat sample of FAME was also assayed. Results showed that for a given content of hydroperoxydienes much more elevated amounts of secondary products, i.e. keto- and hydroxy- dienes, were detected in the microencapsulated sample, ranging as a whole between 6 and 31 wt% of the analyzed compounds, compared to the neat sample, which showed values lower than 1.5%. Along with the fact that relatively higher contents of polymers were found in the encapsulated sample, these results can be attributed to lipid droplets with very different oxidation states. On the one hand, the extract would be formed from droplets in early stages of oxidation containing hydroperoxides and very low contents of secondary products and, on the other, from droplets in advanced stages with decreased hydroperoxides and substantial contents of secondary products. Unlike the neat sample, hydroxydienes formed at significantly higher amounts than ketodienes in the microencapsulated FAME, suggesting a possible chemical role of the encapsulation matrix.This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project AGL2013-45110-RPeer Reviewe

Inhibition of hydroperoxy-, keto- and hydroxy-FAME by alpha- and delta-tocopherol at Rancimat conditions

The effects of alpha- and delta-tocopherol on inhibition of hydroperoxides, keto and hydroxy compounds at Rancimat conditions, i.e. 100 ºC and air bubbling, were studied in samples of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from high linoleic (HL) and high oleic (HO) sunflower oils. Simple hydroperoxides from methyl linoleate and oleate and keto and hydroxy compounds derived from methyl linoleate hydroperoxides were analyzed by HPLC-UV-ELS. Different tocopherol concentrations, namely, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, were tested. Irrespective of the lipid substrate and the initial concentration of tocopherol, results showed that the content of hydroperoxides accumulated during the induction period was remarkably higher in the samples containing delta-tocopherol. The relative concentrations of oleate hydroperoxides in the HO samples were also higher in the presence of delta-tocopherol. Alpha-tocopherol was more effective in inhibiting hydroperoxides at low levels, being 100 mg/kg its optimal concentration, while delta-tocopherol displayed optimal protection at 1000 mg/kg. Under the oxidation conditions applied, neither alpha- nor delta-tocopherol showed a protective effect on hydroperoxide decomposition at any level assayed. Formation of keto- and hydroxy-dienes was more related to the concentration of their hydroperoxide precursors. Furthermore, both tocopherols gave rise to increased concentrations of ketodienes at 500 and 1000 mg/kg compared to the controls. Such an effect was more pronounced for alpha-tocopherol and in the HL samples.This work was Funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through project AGL2013-45110-R and CSIC through a PIE project with reference 201270E134. The authors also thank the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for supporting Susana Marmesat with a “Juan de la Cierva” contract with reference JCI-2011-08874.Peer Reviewe

Una mirada al maltrato institucional : Modelo de intervención Diagnostico institucional en entidades de protección, reeducación y rehabilitación Pereira 1997 - 1998

Este texto es el resultado del proceso investigativo, desarrollado por un equipo de profesionales docentes de la Universidad Tecnoloqica de Pereira, con la colaboración directa del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar I.C.B.F. Seccional Risaralda. La propuesta de Modelo de Intervención en Instituciones que dan asistencia en las áreas de protección, reeducación y rehabilitación fue construida con la participación directa de los actores de las entidades en las que existen, desde niños, niñas y jóvenes con limitaciones biopsicosociales, hasta los que se encuentran en conflicto con la ley. Pretende contribuir y aportar a la creación de una nueva cultura frente al proceso de cualificación institucional cuya mirada este centrada en el "Desarrollo Humano" y en el "Buen Trato". El diseño metodológico de carácter cualitativo, en gran parte, se construyó a partir de la aplicación del Modelo de Investigación - Acción - Participación: I.A.P., mediante la utilización de técnicas como: historias clínicas, historias de vida, conversatorios, entrevistas (mas de 120 horas de grabaciones) y talleres. En el análisis cuantitativo se contemplaron algunas variables que fueron incluidas en formularios y entrevistas estructuradas, instrumentos utilizados para tal fin