EXTRATO PIROLENHOSO DE Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. CONTRA O ATAQUE DE CUPINS A MADEIRA SERRADA DE Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg.

ABSTRACT: The pyroligneous fraction obtained by wood carbonization may be used for various purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the pyroligneous liquor of Timborí (Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong.) to prevent subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), genus Coptotermes, attack to timber of the Peroba Rosa (Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg). We used wooden stakes of Peroba Rosa buried in the soil to a depth of 15 cm, which had previously received three treatments: immersion for 24 h in pyrolignous immersion, immersion for 24 h in distilled water and control treatment without soaking. The wood was evaluated monthly for 12 months. The results showed that the pyroligneous liquor delayed the subterranean termites attack to timber of the Peroba Rosa. However, a longer evaluation period of more than 12 months is necessary to determine the efficacy of the liquor as a conservator of Peroba Rosa wood.A fração pirolenhosa obtida com a carbonização da madeira pode ser utilizada para diversos fins. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi testar o licor pirolenhoso de timborí (Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong.), como conservador de madeira de Perob Rosa (Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg) contra o ataque de cupins subterrâneos (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) do gênero Coptotermes. Foram utilizadas estacas de madeira de peroba rosa enterradas no solo à profundidade de 15 cm, as quais receberam previamente três tratamentos: imersão por 24 h em licor pirolenhoso, imersão em água destilada e tratamento controle sem imersão. A madeira foi avaliada mensalmente durante 12 meses. Os resultados mostraram que o licor pirolenhoso retardou o ataque de cupins subterrâneos a madeira de peroba rosa, ocorrendo após o sétimo mês, apenas o ataque superficial sem a presença de cupins. Entretanto, um período de avaliação maior, superior a 12 meses, é necessário para a determinação da eficácia do licor como conservador da madeira de peroba rosa. Palavras-chave: gases condensáveis; timbori; peroba rosa; Coptotermes.   Pyroligneous extract of Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. against termite attack on lumber of Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg.   ABSTRACT: The pyroligneous fraction obtained by wood carbonization may be used for various purposes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test the pyroligneous liquor of timborí (Enterolobium contorstisiliquum (Vell.) Morong.) to prevent subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), genus Coptotermes, attack to timber of the peroba rosa (Aspidospema polyneuron Müll. Arg). We used wooden stakes of peroba rosa buried in the soil to a depth of 15 cm, which had previously received three treatments: immersion for 24 h in pyrolignous immersion, immersion for 24 h in distilled water and control treatment without soaking. The wood was evaluated monthly for 12 months. The results showed that the pyroligneous liquor delayed the subterranean termites attack to timber of the peroba rosa, occurring after the seventh month. only superficial attack without the presence of termites.. However, a longer evaluation period of more than 12 months is necessary to determine the efficacy of the liquor as a conservator of peroba rosa wood. Keywords: condensable gas; timbori; peroba rosa; Coptotermes

STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF LOG OF Eucalyptus spp. GENOTYPES

Anatomical studies, besides being useful in the identification of the species, make it possible to generate information about the structure of the log in order to identify the relationships between the log and the technological properties of the wood. The aim of this work was to anatomically characterize the log of different genotypes of the genus Eucalyptus planted in the state of Minas Gerais – Brazil and to describe its main differences and/or similarities. Three genetically improved genotypes were evaluated, Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis; Eucalyptus urophylla and Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis , aged whithin 6 to 7 years old. Discs of 9 trees were removed at breast height (1.30 meters from the ground). From each disk, specimens were obtained in the medulla-cambial direction with dimensions of approximately 2 cm³ to make permanent sheets, being that the anatomical characterization of the genotypes followed the recommendations of the IAWA Committee (1989). The results showed that the genotypes of Eucalyptus are very similar, however, differences were observed in the axial parenchyma and in the composition of rays

CONHECIMENTOS, ATITUDES E PRÁTICAS DE PREVENÇÃO DA COVID-19 EM IDOSOS COMUNITÁRIOS DE UMA CAPITAL DO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

Objetivo: identificar os conhecimentos, as atitudes e as práticas de prevenção da Covid-19, em idosos, e seus fatores associados. Método: estudo transversal, de base domiciliar, com abordagem analítica, junto a 145 indivíduos idosos (≥60 anos), residentes em uma capital do Nordeste do Brasil. A telessaúde foi empregada como estratégia para a coleta de dados. A prevenção da Covid-19 foi avaliada através do inquérito Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Práticas. Foram realizados os testes de Qui-Quadrado, Exato de Fisher, Análise de Resíduos Padronizados e Modelos simples e múltiplos de regressão logística. Resultados: os idosos apresentaram bom desempenho quanto à prevenção da Covid-19. O melhor desempenho foi na dimensão Atitude, seguida da Prática. O Conhecimento sobre a doença e sua forma de prevenção apresentou menor escore médio comparado aos demais. A prevenção da Covid-19 por idosos demonstrou associação significativa com arranjo familiar, alfabetização, distrito sanitário de residência e consumo de bebida alcoólica. Conclusão: o conhecimento de tais fatores associados pode contribuir para o fortalecimento das ações de prevenção e controle da Covid-19 junto à população idosa, em especial, ações de atenção primária à saúde

Incipient parallel evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron variant in South Brazil

With the coexistence of multiple lineages and increased international travel, recombination and gene flow are likely to become increasingly important in the adaptive evolution of SARS-CoV-2. These processes could result in genetic introgression and the incipient parallel evolution of multiple recombinant lineages. However, identifying recombinant lineages is challenging, and the true extent of recombinant evolution in SARS-CoV-2 may be underestimated. This study describes the first SARS-CoV-2 Deltacron recombinant case identified in Brazil. We demonstrate that the recombination breakpoint is at the beginning of the Spike gene. The 5′ genome portion (circa 22 kb) resembles the AY.101 (Delta), and the 3′ genome portion (circa 8 kb nucleotides) is most similar to the BA.1.1 (Omicron). Furthermore, evolutionary genomic analyses indicate that the new strain emerged after a single recombination event between lineages of diverse geographical locations in December 2021 in South Brazil. This Deltacron, AYBA-RS, is one of the dozens of recombinants described in 2022. The submission of only four sequences in the GISAID database suggests that this lineage had a minor epidemiological impact. However, the recent emergence of this and other Deltacron recombinant lineages (XD, XF, and XS) suggests that gene flow and recombination may play an increasingly important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. We explain the evolutionary and population genetic theory that supports this assertion, concluding that this stresses the need for continued genomic surveillance. This monitoring is vital for countries where multiple variants are present, as well as for countries that receive significant inbound international travel

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Evalution of two carbonization routines in rectangular kilns

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho de fornos retangulares no processo de carbonização, envolvendo duas rotinas de carbonização. As rotinas analisaram a influência de tatus e câmaras de combustão externa no processo de carbonização, analisando-se: a) umidade da lenha, tempo de ignição, tempo de carbonização, temperatura máxima média, taxa de aquecimento, temperatura final, tempo de resfriamento, rendimento volumétrico, rendimento gravimétrico, umidade do carvão, matérias voláteis, cinza, carbono fixo, poder calorífico e tiços; b) a eficiência do sistema de monitoramento térmico na aquisição de temperaturas; c) o perfil térmico do forno nas fases de carbonização e de resfriamento; d) o balanço de massa e de energia, no processo da carbonização nos fornos retangulares. As carbonizações foram realizadas em quatro fornos de alvenaria retangulares, com câmara de combustão externa, chaminé e capacidade volumétrica para 160 estéreos, instrumentados com termopares do tipo PT 100, para registrar as temperaturas. A lenha utilizada foi o clone A08, híbrido do cruzamento entre Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus urophylla, com idade de sete anos, com 3 m de comprimento, densidade básica de 530 kg/m3 e diâmetro médio de 17,5 cm. Foram realizadas oito carbonizações para cada rotina. Os resultados foram interpretados a partir das análises de estatística descritiva, para obtenção dos resultados médios e da análise de variância. Para os parâmetros umidade da lenha, tempo de ignição, temperatura máxima média, taxa de aquecimento, rendimento gravimétrico e umidade do carvão, foram observadas diferenças, estatisticamente, significativas, indicando resultados diferenciados entre as rotinas estudadas. Em relação aos parâmetros tempo de carbonização, temperatura final, tempo de resfriamento, rendimento volumétrico, matérias voláteis, carbono fixo e tiço, não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas, indicando que para esses parâmetros não houve diferenças entre as rotinas. O poder calorífico superior médio do carvão vegetal para a rotina 1 foi de 6.582,84 kcal/kg e para a rotina 2 foi de 6.854,33 kcal/kg. No perfil térmico da carbonização, observou-se maior tempo de carbonização, em função do elevado teor de umidade da lenha (66% e 48%) para as rotinas 1 e 2, respectivamente. No balanço de massa e de energia, mais de 50% da energia total do sistema é perdida, havendo grande perda na conversão madeira- carvão e na queima de gases da carbonização. Conclui-se, portanto, que a rotina 2, caracterizada pelo uso das câmaras de combustão externa, é mais eficiente no controle da carbonização.The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of rectangular kilns in the carbonization process, involving two carbonization routines. The routines analyzed the influence of carbonization air inlets and external combustion chambers in the carbonization process, by the following parameters: a) firewood moisture, ignition time, carbonization time, mean maximum temperature, heating rate, final temperature, cooling time, volumetric yield, gravimetric yield, charcoal moisture, volatile matters, ashes, fixed carbon, calorific power and unburned wood residuals; b) the efficiency of the thermal monitoring system to reach the temperatures; c) the thermal profile of the kiln in the carbonization and cooling phases; and d) the mass and energy balance in the carbonization process in rectangular kilns. The carbonizations were carried out in four rectangular brick kilns, with external combustion chamber, chimney and volumetric capacity for 160 steres, equipped with thermocouples type PT 100, to register the temperatures. The firewood used was the A08 clone whick is an hybrid of Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus urophylla, seven year old, 3 m long, basic density of 530 kg/m3 and mean diameter of 17,5 cm. Eight carbonizations for each routine were made. The results were interpreted by the descriptive statistics analysis, for the obtention of the mean results and variance analysis. For the parameters firewood moisture, ignition time, mean maximum temperature, heating rate, gravimetric yield and charcoal moisture, significant statistic differences were observed, indicating differentiated results between the routines studied. For the parameters carbonization time, final temperature, cooling time, volumetric yield, volatile matters, fixed carbon and unburned wood residuals, there were no significant statistical differences indicating that for these parameters there were differences between the routines. The higher mean calorific power of the charcoal for the routine 1 was of 6.582,84 kcal/kg and for the routine 2 it was of 6.854,33 kcal/kg. In the carbonization thermal profile a greater carbonization time was observed, due to the high moisture content of the firewood (66 and 48%) for the routines 1 and 2, respectively. In the mass and energy balance more than 50% of the total energy of the system was wasted showing that there is great waste in the wood-coal conversion and in the burning of carbonization gases. Therefore, it was concluded that routine 2 which is characterized by the use of external combustion chambers is more efficient in the carbonization control.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Processing of the wood angelim pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum)

This study aimed to verify the behavior of wood Angelim stone (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke) submitted to the machining process. The study was developed in a carpentry shop in the city of Alta Floresta-MT. 36 boards with dimensions of 150 cm x 13.5 cm x 2.5 cm, length, width and thickness were randomly selected respectively for machining tests. The tests were developed according to the machinability of equipment used by the furniture industry, planing, sanding, drill and split by nail. 8 boards of wood in the stack were selected randomly to determine the moisture, according to 7190 (ABNT, 1997). The notes used for evaluation of defects resulting in the wood during the machining processes were assigned according to ASTM D 1666 (1987). It was observed that the type of angelim stone showed excellent performance in grinding tests, no scratch on the surface piece a of the burring parts and the parts free from defects, with the burning of wood. In cracking test for nail had a good performance, because it showed cracks with the insertion of the nail and planing test a regular performance, with pullout grain, surface arrepiamento and pullout chip. Wood Angelim stone responds with quality to the machining processes in planing, sanding, drill and split by nail