Jenis Laba-Laba (Araneae) Di Taman Wisata Alam Baumata Kecamatan Taebenu Kabupaten Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur

Penelitian terkait laba-laba di Taman Wisata Alam Baumata (TWAB) berlangsung selama dua bulan yaitu bulan Agustus 2017. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis laba-laba. Manfaat dari penelitian ini yaitu dapat berkontribusi bagi pihak pengelolah TWAB dalam melestarikan biodiversitas yang tersedia. Manfaat lain yaitu sebagai database keanekaragaman hayati laba-laba Nusantara khususnya di TWAB Kupang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa metode belt transek (transek sabuk) yang dikombinasikan dengan transek kuadran. Hasil penelitian dianalisis berdasarkan pada buku kunci determinasi serangga oleh Subyanto (1991) dan jurnal. Analisis keanekaragaman jenis dan kelimpahan jenis laba-laba menggunakan rumus Shannon-Wiener. Adapun spesies laba-laba yang ditemukan yakni: Gasteracantha cancriformis, Argiope appensa, Menemerus bivittatus, Latrodectus hesperus, Polcus phalangioides,  Nephila  inaurata, Nephila clavipes, Parasteatoda tepidorium, Hogna lenta, Scytodes thoracica, dan Heteropoda jugulans. Ke-sebelas spesies tergolong dalam famili :Araneidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, pholcidae, Nephilidae, Lycosidae, Scytodidae dan Sparassidae. Nilai keanekaragaman laba-laba yang diperoleh 2,338 sedangkan tingkat kelimpahan spesies laba-laba adalah 0.118/m2. Berdasarkan Indeks keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan maka distribusi laba-laba di TWAB tergolong sedang.The research related to Spider at Baumata Nature Tourism Park (BNTP) lasted for one months that was August 2017. The purpose of this research is to know the type of spider. The benefit of this research is: it can contribute to the management of BNTP in preserving the available biodiversity. Another benefit is as a database of biodiversity of spider Archipelago, especially in BNTP Kupang. The used method in this research was the belt transect method (belt transect) which was combined with quadrant transect. The results were analyzed based on the key book of insect determination by Subyanto (1991) and the journal. The analysis of species variety and the profusion of the spider species used the Shannon-Wiener formula. The found spider species were: Gasteracantha cancriformis, Argiope appensa, Menemerus bivittatus, Latrodectus hesperus, Polcus phalangioides, Nephila inaurata, Nephila clavipes, Paratezati tepidorium, Hogna lenta, Scytodes thoracica, and Heteropoda jugulans. The eleven species belong to families of  Araneidae, Salticidae, Theridiidae, pholcidae, Nephilidae, Lycosidae, Scytodidae and Sparassidae. The obtained spider variety value was 2,338 while the profusion extent of spider species was 0.118/m2. Based on the variety and profusion index, the spider distribution in BNTP is moderate

Differential gene expression associated with postnatal equine articular cartilage maturation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Articular cartilage undergoes an important maturation process from neonate to adult that is reflected by alterations in matrix protein organization and increased heterogeneity of chondrocyte morphology. In the horse, these changes are influenced by exercise during the first five months of postnatal life. Transcriptional profiling was used to evaluate changes in articular chondrocyte gene expression during postnatal growth and development.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Total RNA was isolated from the articular cartilage of neonatal (0–10 days) and adult (4–5 years) horses, subjected to one round of linear RNA amplification, and then applied to a 9,367-element equine-specific cDNA microarray. Comparisons were made with a dye-swap experimental design. Microarray results for selected genes (COL2A1, COMP, P4HA1, TGFB1, TGFBR3, TNC) were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Fifty-six probe sets, which represent 45 gene products, were up-regulated (p < 0.01) in chondrocytes of neonatal articular cartilage relative to chondrocytes of adult articular cartilage. Conversely, 586 probe sets, which represent 499 gene products, were up-regulated (p < 0.01) in chondrocytes of adult articular cartilage relative to chondrocytes of neonatal articular cartilage. Collagens, matrix-modifying enzymes, and provisional matrix non-collagenous proteins were expressed at higher levels in the articular cartilage of newborn foals. Those genes with increased mRNA abundance in adult chondrocytes included leucine-rich small proteoglycans, matrix assembly, and cartilage maintenance proteins.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Differential expression of genes encoding matrix proteins and matrix-modifying enzymes between neonates and adults reflect a cellular maturation process in articular chondrocytes. Up-regulated transcripts in neonatal cartilage are consistent with growth and expansion of the articular surface. Expression patterns in mature articular cartilage indicate a transition from growth to homeostasis, and tissue function related to withstanding shear and weight-bearing stresses.</p

Multisphalerons in the Weinberg-Salam Theory

We construct multisphaleron solutions in the Weinberg-Salam theory. The multisphaleron solutions carry Chern-Simons charge $n/2$, where $n$ is an integer, counting the winding of the fields in the azimuthal angle. The well-known sphaleron has $n=1$. The multisphalerons possess axial symmetry and parity reflection symmetry. We vary the Higgs mass and the mixing angle. For small $n$ the energies of the multisphalerons are on the order of $n$ times the energy of the sphaleron and their magnetic dipole moments are on the order of $n$ times the magnetic dipole moment of the sphaleron.Comment: 18 pages, latex, 17 figures in uuencoded postscript files. THU-94/1

ON THE LOCAL SUM CONJECTURE IN TWO DIMENSIONS

In this paper we give an elementary proof of the local sum conjecture in two dimensions. In a remarkable paper [CMN, arXiv:1810.11340], this conjecture has been established in all dimensions using sophisticated, powerful techniques from a research area blending algebraic geometry with ideas from logic. The purpose of this paper is to give an elementary proof of this conjecture which will be accessbile to a broad readership.Comment: 32 Page

The role of discharge variability in determining alluvial stratigraphy

We illustrate the potential for using physics-based modeling to link alluvial stratigraphy to large river morphology and dynamics. Model simulations, validated using ground penetrating radar data from the Río Paraná, Argentina, demonstrate a strong relationship between bar-scale set thickness and channel depth, which applies across a wide range of river patterns and bar types. We show that hydrologic regime, indexed by discharge variability and flood duration, exerts a first-order influence on morphodynamics and hence bar set thickness, and that planform morphology alone may be a misleading variable for interpreting deposits. Indeed, our results illustrate that rivers evolving under contrasting hydrologic regimes may have very similar morphology, yet be characterized by marked differences in stratigraphy. This realization represents an important limitation on the application of established theory that links river topography to alluvial deposits, and highlights the need to obtain field evidence of discharge variability when developing paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Model simulations demonstrate the potential for deriving such evidence using metrics of paleocurrent variance

Protecting the Primordial Baryon Asymmetry From Erasure by Sphalerons

If the baryon asymmetry of the universe was created at the GUT scale, sphalerons together with exotic sources of $(B-L)$-violation could have erased it, unless the latter satisfy stringent bounds. We elaborate on how the small Yukawa coupling of the electron drastically weakens previous estimates of these bounds.Comment: 41 pp., 4 latex figures included and 3 uuencoded or postscript figures available by request, UMN-TH-1213-9

‘‘I’m Trying to Reach Out, I’m Trying to Find My People’’: A Mixed-Methods Investigation of the Link Between Sensory Differences, Loneliness, and Mental Health in Autistic and Nonautistic Adults

Background: Rates of loneliness are substantially higher among autistic compared with nonautistic individuals. This observation refutes the persistent stereotype that autistic individuals are not motivated to seek meaningful social relationships. More plausibly, social environments systematically exclude people with higher levels of sensory differences, impeding on opportunities for autistic individuals to form meaningful relationships. In this study, we sought to quantify the level of distress associated with loneliness (Study A) and provide complementary qualitative insight into experiences of loneliness in relationship to sensory differences in autistic adults (Study B). Methods: In Study A, N = 209 participants completed a range of self-report questionnaires. In Study B, nine autistic adults took part in 10-minute unstructured dyadic conversations around the topic of loneliness. We derived a qualitative understanding of autistic individuals’ experience of loneliness, enriched by inductive and deductive analyses. Results: In Study A, the autistic group showed significantly higher levels of loneliness, loneliness distress, anxiety, depression, and sensory reactivity. We found significant positive correlations between variables, but no group differences in differential relationships. The effect of sensory reactivity on anxiety and depression was mediated by levels of loneliness in both groups. In Study B, autistic participants described the pain of feeling lonely and socially disconnected, while simultaneously experiencing a need for restorative solitude after social overstimulation. Discussion: Our results indicate that sensory differences are related with higher loneliness and associated poor mental health in both autistic and nonautistic adults. This effect was exacerbated in autistic adults due to higher levels of sensory reactivity. First-hand reports from autistic adults on intense loneliness and the obstructive role of sensory environments refute stereotypes about a lack of social motivation in autistic adults. We conclude that to enable meaningful and inclusive social interaction, a societal effort is needed to create spaces that consider the sensory needs of all neurotypes

Transcriptional profiling differences for articular cartilage and repair tissue in equine joint surface lesions

BACKGROUND: Full-thickness articular cartilage lesions that reach to the subchondral bone yet are restricted to the chondral compartment usually fill with a fibrocartilage-like repair tissue which is structurally and biomechanically compromised relative to normal articular cartilage. The objective of this study was to evaluate transcriptional differences between chondrocytes of normal articular cartilage and repair tissue cells four months post-microfracture. METHODS: Bilateral one-cm2 full-thickness defects were made in the articular surface of both distal femurs of four adult horses followed by subchondral microfracture. Four months postoperatively, repair tissue from the lesion site and grossly normal articular cartilage from within the same femorotibial joint were collected. Total RNA was isolated from the tissue samples, linearly amplified, and applied to a 9,413-probe set equine-specific cDNA microarray. Eight paired comparisons matched by limb and horse were made with a dye-swap experimental design with validation by histological analyses and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Statistical analyses revealed 3,327 (35.3%) differentially expressed probe sets. Expression of biomarkers typically associated with normal articular cartilage and fibrocartilage repair tissue corroborate earlier studies. Other changes in gene expression previously unassociated with cartilage repair were also revealed and validated by RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION: The magnitude of divergence in transcriptional profiles between normal chondrocytes and the cells that populate repair tissue reveal substantial functional differences between these two cell populations. At the four-month postoperative time point, the relative deficiency within repair tissue of gene transcripts which typically define articular cartilage indicate that while cells occupying the lesion might be of mesenchymal origin, they have not recapitulated differentiation to the chondrogenic phenotype of normal articular chondrocytes