Policing of an urban periphery: the case of Khayelitsha

A pervasive sense of crisis had long beset the policing of the Apartheid colony. The transition to democracy, it was thought, would finally put that crisis to bed. The early post-1994 period of reconstruction envisaged that far-reaching policy reforms and institutional changes would replace the old system, with a community-orientated, democratic model of policing emphasising accountability and efficiency. Over the past twenty-odd years much effort has gone into the dismantling of the structures, operational strategies and cultural mind-sets associated with the Apartheid model of paramilitary policing. A bold emphasis on collaborative partnerships between communities and police was intended to replace the spirit of adversarialism which often defined community-police interactions under Apartheid

Pyrrole Syntheses Based on Titanium-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Diynes

Titanium-catalyzed hydroamination of 1,4- and 1,5-diynes by primary amines leads to imino-alkynes that undergo in situ 5-endo dig and 5-exo dig cyclization reactions, respectively. The products are 1,2,5-trisubstituted pyrroles accessed directly from readily available diyne starting materials

Pyrrole Syntheses Based on Titanium-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Diynes

Titanium-catalyzed hydroamination of 1,4- and 1,5-diynes by primary amines leads to imino-alkynes that undergo in situ 5-endo dig and 5-exo dig cyclization reactions, respectively. The products are 1,2,5-trisubstituted pyrroles accessed directly from readily available diyne starting materials

Effects of a Diamond Mine on Tundra-Breeding Birds

Breeding birds (songbirds, shorebirds, and ptarmigan) were surveyed at the Ekati Diamond Mine in Canada’s Northwest Territories from 1996 through 2003. Surveys were conducted on permanent, 25 ha mine and control plots. Five metrics (relative density of individual species, relative density of all birds, species richness using rarefaction curves, and species diversity using two indices) were used to assess potential impacts up to a distance of 1 km from the mine. Six species were more common on mine plots, and three were more common on control plots. Species diversity was slightly higher on mine plots when measured with Fisher’s alpha index. No other metrics suggested strong impacts. This study suggests that the mine has had a relatively limited impact on the upland breeding bird community within 1 km of the footprint but has provided habitat for at least one synanthropic bird species. Further monitoring of breeding birds on the tundra should include pre-development control data and demographic variables such as reproductive success and survival.De 1996 à 2003, on a étudié les oiseaux nicheurs (oiseaux chanteurs, oiseaux de rivage et lagopède) à la mine de diamants Ekati située dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest au Canada. L’étude a été effectuée sur des parcelles permanentes de 25 ha, situées sur la mine et sur des sites témoins. On a utilisé 5 paramètres de mesure (densité relative de chaque espèce, densité relative de tous les oiseaux, richesse spécifique utilisant les courbes de raréfaction, et diversité spécifique utilisant deux indices) afin d’évaluer les retombées potentielles jusqu’à une distance de 1 km de la mine. Six espèces se retrouvaient plus communément sur les parcelles de la mine, et trois, sur les parcelles témoins. La diversité spécifique était légèrement plus grande sur les parcelles de la mine quand on les mesurait avec l’index alpha de Fisher. Aucun autre paramètre ne laissait croire qu’il y avait des retombées significatives. Cette étude suggère que la mine a eu un effet relativement limité sur la communauté terrestre des oiseaux nicheurs jusqu’à 1 km de son empreinte, mais qu’elle a fourni un habitat à au moins une espèce d’oiseau synanthrope. Des études ultérieures portant sur les oiseaux nicheurs dans la toundra devraient inclure des données de contrôle préalables à la mise en valeur et des variables démographiques telles que le succès de la reproduction et la survie

Fungal transformation of selenium and tellurium located in a volcanogenic sulfide deposit

© 2020 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Peer reviewedPostprin

Immunocytochemical localization of small-conductance, calcium-dependent potassium channels in astrocytes of the rat supraoptic nucleus

Supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurons possess a prominent afterhyperpolarization (AHP) that contributes to spike patterning. This AHP is probably underlain by a small-conductance, CA2+-dependent, K+ type 3 (SK3) channel. To determine the distribution of SK3 channels within the SON, we used immunocytochemistry in rats and in transgenic mice with a regulatory cassette on the SK3 gene, allowing regulated expression with dietary doxycycline (DOX). In rats and wild-type mice, SK3 immunostaining revealed an intense lacy network surrounding SON neurons, with weak staining in neuronal somata and dendrites. In untreated, conditional SK3 knockout mice, SK3 was overexpressed, but the pericellular pattern in the SON was similar to that of rats. DOX-treated transgenic mice exhibited no SK3 staining in the SON. Double staining for oxytocin or vasopressin neurons revealed weak co-localization with SK3 but strong staining surrounding each neuron type. Electron microscopy showed that SK3-like immunoreactivity was intense between neuronal somata and dendrites, in apparent glial processes, but weak in neurons. This was confirmed by using confocal microscopy and double staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and SK3: many GFAP-positive processes in the SON, and in the ventral dendritic/glial lamina, were shown to contain SK3-like immunoreactivity. These studies suggest a prominent role of SK3 channels in astrocytes. Given the marked plasticity in glial/neuronal relationships, as well as studies suggesting that astrocytes in the central nervous system can generate prominent CA2+ transients to various stimuli, a CA2+-dependent K+ channel may help SON astrocytes with K+ buffering whenever astrocyte intracellular CA2+ is increased. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Ultra-fast stem cell labelling using cationised magnetoferritin

Efficient magnetic labelling of stem cells is achieved within a one minute incubation period using cationised magnetoferritin.</p

Dietary Recommendations for Adults With Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: A Systematic Review

Importance: Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease and has significant associated morbidity and effect on quality of life. It is important to determine whether dietary interventions help reduce disease severity in patients with psoriatic diseases. Objective: To make evidence-based dietary recommendations for adults with psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. Evidence Review: We used literature from prior systematic reviews as well as additional primary literature from the MEDLINE database from January 1, 2014, to August 31, 2017, that evaluated the impact of diet on psoriasis. We included observational and interventional studies of patients with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for interventional studies. We made evidence-based dietary recommendations, which were voted on by the National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board. Findings: We identified 55 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for this review. These studies represent 77557 unique participants of which 4534 have psoriasis. Based on the literature, we strongly recommend dietary weight reduction with a hypocaloric diet in overweight and obese patients with psoriasis. We weakly recommend a gluten-free diet only in patients who test positive for serologic markers of gluten sensitivity. Based on low-quality data, select foods, nutrients, and dietary patterns may affect psoriasis. For patients with psoriatic arthritis, we weakly recommend vitamin D supplementation and dietary weight reduction with a hypocaloric diet in overweight and obese patients. Dietary interventions should always be used in conjunction with standard medical therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Conclusions and Relevance: Adults with psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis can supplement their standard medical therapies with dietary interventions to reduce disease severity. These dietary recommendations from the National Psoriasis Foundation Medical Board will help guide clinicians regarding the utility of dietary interventions in adults with psoriatic diseases

Carbohydrate-derived iminium salt organocatalysts for the asymmetric epoxidation of alkenes

A new family of carbohydrate-based dihydroisoquinolinium salts has been prepared and tested for potential as asymmetric catalysts for the epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkene substrates, providing up to 57% ee in the product epoxides