Quantum state preparation and macroscopic entanglement in gravitational-wave detectors

Long-baseline laser-interferometer gravitational-wave detectors are operating at a factor of 10 (in amplitude) above the standard quantum limit (SQL) within a broad frequency band. Such a low classical noise budget has already allowed the creation of a controlled 2.7 kg macroscopic oscillator with an effective eigenfrequency of 150 Hz and an occupation number of 200. This result, along with the prospect for further improvements, heralds the new possibility of experimentally probing macroscopic quantum mechanics (MQM) - quantum mechanical behavior of objects in the realm of everyday experience - using gravitational-wave detectors. In this paper, we provide the mathematical foundation for the first step of a MQM experiment: the preparation of a macroscopic test mass into a nearly minimum-Heisenberg-limited Gaussian quantum state, which is possible if the interferometer's classical noise beats the SQL in a broad frequency band. Our formalism, based on Wiener filtering, allows a straightforward conversion from the classical noise budget of a laser interferometer, in terms of noise spectra, into the strategy for quantum state preparation, and the quality of the prepared state. Using this formalism, we consider how Gaussian entanglement can be built among two macroscopic test masses, and the performance of the planned Advanced LIGO interferometers in quantum-state preparation

Phase 2 Study of 99mTc-Trofolastat SPECT/CT to Identify and Localize Prostate Cancer in Intermediate- and High-Risk Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy and Extended Pelvic LN Dissection

99mTc-trofolastat (99mTc-MIP-1404), a small-molecule inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen, shows high potential to detect prostate cancer (PCa) noninvasively using SPECT. We therefore wanted to assess the performance of 99mTc-trofolastat SPECT/CT in a phase 2 multicenter, multireader prospective study in patients with intermediate- and high-grade PCa, before radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node (LN) dissection, with histopathology as the gold standard. Methods: PCa patients (n = 105) with an increased risk of LN involvement (LNI) underwent pelvic 99mTc-trofolastat SPECT/CT before radical prostatectomy with extended pelvic LN dissection. The sensitivity of 99mTc-trofolastat for detection of PCa on a patient and lobe basis, using visual and semiquantitative (tumor-to-background ratio [TBR]) scores, and of LNI was evaluated as well as the correlation of uptake within the gland to Gleason scores (GS) and assessment of the predictive potential of 99mTc-trofolastat uptake for LNI. Results: PCa was detected in 98 patients (94%) with acceptable variability between readers. There was a significantly higher visual score and TBR in positive lobes compared with tumor-negative lobes. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that visual scores more accurately discriminated lobes with GS ≤ 3 + 3 from ≥ 3 + 4, whereas TBRs discriminated high-grade disease from normal lobes better. Visual scores and TBRs correlated significantly with GS. 99mTc-trofolastat SPECT/CT detected LNI with a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 87%, and TBR values significantly predicted LNI with a sensitivity of 90%. Conclusion:99mTc-trofolastat SPECT/CT detects PCa with high sensitivity in patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa compared with histology. It has the potential to be used as a surrogate marker for GS and predict LNI.status: publishe

Aktivierung von Wasserstoff durch ungesättigte gemischte Metallcluster und -komplexe

Als Folge des ständig steigenden Energiekonsums besteht ein wiederauflebendes Interesse an der Chemie des Wasserstoffs. Jüngste Studien haben elektronisch ungesättigte mehrkernige Metallkomplexe mit sperrigen Liganden hervorgebracht, die eine Vielzahl von Reaktionen mit Wasserstoff eingehen, so auch die einfache Addition und Eliminierung unter milden Bedingungen. Materialien, die große Wasserstoffmengen reversibel absorbieren, sind für die Wasserstoffspeicherung und die katalytische Hydrierung äußerst interessant. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst neuere Untersuchungen zu Reaktionen von Wasserstoff mit ungesättigten gemischten Metallclustern und ‐komplexen mit Platinzentren und sperrigen Phosphanliganden zusammen. Einige verwandte Studien zur Kooperativität in Dimetallkomplexen und zur Synthese von Trimetallnanopartikeln auf mesoporösen Trägern als hoch aktive und selektive Hydrierungskatalysatoren werden ebenfalls diskutiert. Kooperative Metalle: Ungesättigte gemischte Metallcluster und ‐komplexe mit Platinatomen und sperrigen Phosphanliganden können Wasserstoff aktivieren (siehe vereinfachte Abbildung; Pt blau, Rh grün, P gelb, O rot, C hellbraun, H grau). Zusätzlich zu aktuellen Ergebnissen auf diesem Gebiet werden einige verwandte Studien über Kooperativität in Dimetallkomplexen und Trimetallnanopartikeln für die katalytische Hydrierung angesprochen