Comparative analysis of the percentage of patents requested by the latin american countries of group 1 of the SIR iber 2019 ranking

The production and dissemination of scientific documents from university education institutions in Andorra, Spain, Portugal, and Latin American countries based on research, innovation, and social impact measurement factors are shown in the SIR Iber reports. This paper analyzes and compares the percentage of patents requested by the Latin American countries of group 1 of the SIR Iber 2019 report, in order to contrast the results of the RICYT and the same SIR Iber 2019 report, through the databases of the WIPO PCT agreement and PATSTAT, respectively, as measures of the performance of each country in the development of patents. The countries are located in the same order: Spain, Brazil, Mexico, Portugal, Chile, Colombia, and Argentina, from highest to lowest, according to the number of patents requested in the SIR Iber 2019 and RICYT report, although the percentage figures do not coincide, despite the fact that the WIPO PCT agreement uses as a source of statistical data extracted/compiled from the PATSTAT database. Furthermore, for Spain and Brazil, an annual decrease in the number of patents requested through the WIPO PCT agreement is predicted and, simultaneously, for Mexico, Chile, and Colombia, an increase per year is expected

CONTROL DIFUSO PD+I TAKAGI-SUGENO-KANG PARA UN SISTEMA DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO

Resumen Los sistemas de aire acondicionado generalmente son operados mediante un controlador simple ON/OFF, ya que estos son simples y fáciles de implementar o con el control tradicional PID. Sin embargo, el rendimiento de estos sistemas no suele ser preciso, tienen un alto consumo de energía y un gran desgaste en el funcionamiento del compresor. Este artículo presenta la implementación del método difuso Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) para el control de temperatura en el aire acondicionado, con el objetivo de aumentar la eficiencia del sistema, mejorar el rendimiento y reducir el consumo de energía. Los resultados obtenidos en simulación y pruebas físicas demuestran que el uso del control difuso PD+I con el método TSK es eficiente para ahorrar energía, es estable al cambio en la carga térmica y con una rapidez de respuesta en la regulación de temperatura con errores no superiores al 2%.Palabras Clave: Aire acondicionado, Control difuso PD+I, Método difuso. FUZZY CONTROL PD+I TAKAGI-SUGENO-KANG FOR AN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMAbstract The air conditioning systems are generally operated by a simple ON/OFF controller since this is easy to implement or with the traditional PID control. However, the performance of these systems is not usually precise, they have a high energy consumption and a great mechanical wear on the compressor operation. This article presents the implementation of the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy method (TSK) for temperature control in air conditioning, with the aim of increasing system efficiency, improving performance and reducing energy consumption. The results obtained in simulation and physical tests show that the use of PD + I fuzzy control with the TSK method is effective to save energy, stable to the change in thermal load and has a rapid response in temperature regulation with errors not exceeding 2%.Keywords: Air conditioning, Fuzzy control PD+I, Fuzzy method

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento Santander y Antioquia.

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamento Santander y Antioquia.En el diplomado de profundización acompañamiento escenario de violencia, trae temáticas para razonar como futuros psicólogos el actuar con cada tema, también en el diplomado se encontraron diferentes estrategias que se pueden implementar como futuros psicólogos para un adecuado abordaje de las víctimas en escenarios de violencia. Cada una de las unidades planteadas por el diplomado se ejecutaron de acuerdo con unas fechas, donde se puso en práctica todo lo leído y aprendido en las unidades; en la primera parte con la que nos encontramos en el diplomado, fue ver como desde la perspectiva de la psicología abordamos a las víctimas del conflicto sociopolítico que estrategias psicosociales contribuyen para la disminución de la discriminación y marginación de las víctimas. Por otro lado, también se trabajó desde la imagen y narrativa como instrumentos de acción psicosocial presentando un informe analítico de las fotos voz realizadas en diferentes contextos, logrando identificar subjetividades e intersubjetividades que emergen en los escenarios de violencia y el rol que se cumple dentro de estos. Por último se trabajó desde los enfoques narrativos con los relatos del Libro: Voces que se trata de casos de violencia y esperanza en Colombia, como grupo se escogió el caso de Ana Ligia resaltando los impactos psicosociales, las voces que revelan un posicionamiento subjetivo ya sea víctima o sobreviviente y la emancipación discursiva frente a las imágenes de horror, también en la parte final se trabajó con la Comunidad de Cacarica y los emergentes psicosociales latentes por el hostigamiento militar, creando acciones de apoyo y estrategias psicosociales para los pobladores de Cacarica facilitando la potenciación del afrontamiento a la situación que vivieron. 4 Este diplomado ha marcado nuestro futuro como psicólogos con cada una de las enseñanzas que ha dejado en cuanto a los temas vistos, teniendo bases para nuestra etapa laboral y profesional.In the diploma of deepening accompaniment of the violence scenario, it brings themes to reason as future psychologists acting with each topic, also in the diploma course, different strategies were found that can be implemented as future psychologists for an adequate approach to victims in violence scenarios. Each of the units proposed by the diploma were executed according to dates, where everything read and learned in the units was put into practice; In the first part we encountered in the diploma course, it was to see how from the perspective of psychology we approached the victims of the sociopolitical conflict that psychosocial strategies contribute to the reduction of discrimination and marginalization of the victims. On the other hand, we also worked from the image and narrative as instruments of psychosocial action presenting an analytical report of the voice photos taken in different contexts, managing to identify subjectivities and intersubjectives that emerge in the scenarios of violence and the role that is fulfilled within these. On the latter he worked from the narrative approaches the stories of the Book: Voices that are cases of violence and hope in Colombia, as a group chose the case of Ana Ligia highlighting the psychosocial impacts, voices that reveal a subjective positioning either victim or survivor and discursive emancipation in the face of horror images, also in the final part they worked with the Community of Cacarica and the latent psychosocial emergencies for military harassment, creating support actions and psychosocial strategies for the inhabitants of Cacarica facilitating the Empowerment of coping with the situation they lived. This diploma has marked our future as psychologists with each one of the lessons that it has left regarding the subjects seen, having bases for our labor and professional stage. 6 Keywords: scenarios of violence, subjectivity, psychosocial strategies, psychosocial action, community, population, victims, survivors

A Ribosomal Misincorporation of Lys for Arg in Human Triosephosphate Isomerase Expressed in Escherichia coli Gives Rise to Two Protein Populations

We previously observed that human homodimeric triosephosphate isomerase (HsTIM) expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity exhibits two significantly different thermal transitions. A detailed exploration of the phenomenon showed that the preparations contain two proteins; one has the expected theoretical mass, while the mass of the other is 28 Da lower. The two proteins were separated by size exclusion chromatography in 3 M urea. Both proteins correspond to HsTIM as shown by Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). The two proteins were present in nearly equimolar amounts under certain growth conditions. They were catalytically active, but differed in molecular mass, thermostability, susceptibility to urea and proteinase K. An analysis of the nucleotides in the human TIM gene revealed the presence of six codons that are not commonly used in E. coli. We examined if they were related to the formation of the two proteins. We found that expression of the enzyme in a strain that contains extra copies of genes that encode for tRNAs that frequently limit translation of heterologous proteins (Arg, Ile, Leu), as well as silent mutations of two consecutive rare Arg codons (positions 98 and 99), led to the exclusive production of the more stable protein. Further analysis by LC/ESI-MS/MS showed that the 28 Da mass difference is due to the substitution of a Lys for an Arg residue at position 99. Overall, our work shows that two proteins with different biochemical and biophysical properties that coexist in the same cell environment are translated from the same nucleotide sequence frame

High-throughput profiling of caenorhabditis elegans starvation-responsive microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression by interfering with the stability and translation of mRNAs. Their expression is regulated during development, under a wide variety of stress conditions and in several pathological processes. In nature, animals often face feast or famine conditions. We observed that subjecting early L4 larvae from Caenorhabditis elegans to a 12-hr starvation period produced worms that are thinner and shorter than well-fed animals, with a decreased lipid accumulation, diminished progeny, reduced gonad size, and an increased lifespan. Our objective was to identify which of the 302 known miRNAs of C. elegans changed their expression under starvation conditions as compared to well-fed worms by means of deep sequencing in early L4 larvae. Our results indicate that 13 miRNAs (miR-34-3p, the family of miR-35-3p to miR-41-3p, miR-39-5p, miR-41-5p, miR-240-5p, miR-246-3p and miR-4813-5p) were upregulated, while 2 miRNAs (let-7-3p and miR-85-5p) were downregulated in 12-hr starved vs. well-fed early L4 larvae. Some of the predicted targets of the miRNAs that changed their expression in starvation conditions are involved in metabolic or developmental process. In particular, miRNAs of the miR-35 family were upregulated 6-20 fold upon starvation. Additionally, we showed that the expression of gld-1, important in oogenesis, a validated target of miR-35-3p, was downregulated when the expression of miR-35-3p was upregulated. The expression of another reported target, the cell cycle regulator lin-23, was unchanged during starvation. This study represents a starting point for a more comprehensive understanding of the role of miRNAs during starvation in C. elegans

Estimating the global conservation status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species

Estimates of extinction risk for Amazonian plant and animal species are rare and not often incorporated into land-use policy and conservation planning. We overlay spatial distribution models with historical and projected deforestation to show that at least 36% and up to 57% of all Amazonian tree species are likely to qualify as globally threatened under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. If confirmed, these results would increase the number of threatened plant species on Earth by 22%. We show that the trends observed in Amazonia apply to trees throughout the tropics, and we predict thatmost of the world’s >40,000 tropical tree species now qualify as globally threatened. A gap analysis suggests that existing Amazonian protected areas and indigenous territories will protect viable populations of most threatened species if these areas suffer no further degradation, highlighting the key roles that protected areas, indigenous peoples, and improved governance can play in preventing large-scale extinctions in the tropics in this century

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions