Risk factors against bovine respiratory diseade in suckling calves from Argentina

An observacional cross-sectional study was performed to determine the risk factors associated to the main viral agents of the bovine respiratory disease: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (HVB1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (VDVB), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (VRSB) and parainfluenza 3 virus (VPI3). Blood samples from dairy calves in the provinces of Cordova and Santa Fe (Argentina) were obtained, and an epidemiological ques-tionnaire was filled. Antibodies against studied viruses were detected by commercial ELISA kits. A total of 852 blood samples from 55 dairy operations were obtained between years 2000 and 2002. Four epidemiologic logistic regression models were performed. We found significant associations between infection and variables related to the age of the calf, the season, the size population, the vaccinations, the feeding or the breeding system, among many others.Se ha realizado un estudio epidemiológico observacional de tipo transversal para conocer los factores que actúan sobre la seropositividad de los principales agentes víricos del síndrome respiratorio bovino: el herpesvirus bovino tipo 1 (HVB1), el virus de la diarrea vírica bovina (VDVB), el virus respiratorio sincitial bovino (VRSB) y el virus de la parainfluenza 3 (VPI3). Se tomaron muestras de sangre de terneros procedentes de explotaciones lecheras situadas en las provincias argentinas de Córdoba y Santa Fé, y se cumplimentaron cuestionarios epide-miológicos. Los análisis serológicos se realizaron mediante la técnica ELISA. En total se tomaron muestras de sangre de 852 terneros procedentes de 55 explotaciones entre los años 2000 y 2002. Se realizaron cuatro modelos epidemiológicos mediante regresión logística, uno por cada virus donde, entre otras, aparecen variables asociadas a la infección relacionadas con la edad del ternero, la estación del año, el número de animales, la alimentación, las vacunaciones o el sistema de crianza

Role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 4 and 8 in Spain

Although the importance of wild ruminants as potential reservoirs of bluetongue virus (BTV) has been suggested, the role played by these species in the epidemiology of BT in Europe is still unclear. We carried out a serologic and virologic survey to assess the role of wild ruminants in the transmission and maintenance of BTV in Andalusia (southern Spain) between 2006 and 2010

A Serosurvey of Selected Cystogenic Coccidia in Spanish Equids: First Detection of Anti-\u3cem\u3eBesnoitia\u3c/em\u3e spp. Specific Antibodies in Europe

Background: Equine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia bennetti, and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are relevant equine diseases in the Americas that have been scarcely studied in Europe. Thus, a serosurvey of these cystogenic coccidia was carried out in Southern Spain. A cross-sectional study was performed and serum samples from horses (n = 553), donkeys (n = 85) and mules (n = 83) were included. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to identify a Besnoitia spp. infection and positive results were confirmed by an a posteriori western blot. For Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp., infections were detected using in-house ELISAs based on the parasite surface antigens N. hughesi rNhSAG1 and S. neurona rSnSAG2/3/4. Risk factors associated with these protozoan infections were also investigated. Results: Antibodies against Besnoitia spp., Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. infections were detected in 51 (7.1%), 46 (6.4%) and 20 (2.8%) of 721 equids, respectively. The principal risk factors associated with a higher seroprevalence of Besnoitia spp. were the host species (mule or donkey), the absence of shelter and the absence of a rodent control programme. The presence of rodents was the only risk factor for Neospora spp. infection. Conclusions: This study was the first extensive serosurvey of Besnoitia spp. infection in European equids accomplished by two complementary tests and gives evidence of the presence of specific antibodies in these populations. However, the origin of the infection is still unclear. Further parasite detection and molecular genotyping are needed to identify the causative Besnoitia and Neospora species. Finally, cross-reactions with antibodies directed against other species of Sarcocystis might explain the positive reactions against the S. neurona antigens

A serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in Spanish equids: first detection of anti-Besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in Europe

© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.[EN]Background: Equine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia bennetti, and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are relevant equine diseases in the Americas that have been scarcely studied in Europe. Thus, a serosurvey of these cystogenic coccidia was carried out in Southern Spain. A cross-sectional study was performed and serum samples from horses (n=553), donkeys (n=85) and mules (n=83) were included. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to identify a Besnoitia spp. infection and positive results were confirmed by an a posteriori western blot. For Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp., infections were detected using in-house ELISAs based on the parasite surface antigens N. hughesi rNhSAG1 and S. neurona rSnSAG2/3/4. Risk factors associated with these protozoan infections were also investigated. Results: Antibodies against Besnoitia spp., Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. infections were detected in 51 (7.1%), 46 (6.4%) and 20 (2.8%) of 721 equids, respectively. The principal risk factors associated with a higher seroprevalence of Besnoitia spp. were the host species (mule or donkey), the absence of shelter and the absence of a rodent control programme. The presence of rodents was the only risk factor for Neospora spp. infection. Conclusions: This study was the first extensive serosurvey of Besnoitia spp. infection in European equids accomplished by two complementary tests and gives evidence of the presence of specific antibodies in these populations. However, the origin of the infection is still unclear. Further parasite detection and molecular genotyping are needed to identify the causative Besnoitia and Neospora species. Finally, cross-reactions with antibodies directed against other species of Sarcocystis might explain the positive reactions against the S. neurona antigens.SIThis study was supported by several research projects (AGL 2010-20561, CYTED Thematic Network 113RT0469 Protozoovac and by PLATESA S20137ABI-2906). Daniel Gutiérrez Expósito has been financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant no. BES-2011-043753)

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated to Mycobacterium bovis in Wild Artiodactyl Species from Southern Spain, 2006–2010

The control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is at a critical point in the last stage of eradication in livestock. Wildlife species recently have emerged infected with TB in Europe, particularly ungulates in the Iberian Peninsula. Epidemiological information regarding TB in wild ungulates including affected species, prevalence, associated risk factors and appropriate diagnostic methods need to be obtained in these countries

Tectono-thermal history of an exhumed thrust-sheet-top basin : an example from the south Pyrenean thrust belt

This paper presents a new balanced structural cross-section of the Jaca thrust-sheet-top basin of the southern Pyrenees combined with paleo-thermometry and apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology data. The cross-section, based on field data and interpretation of industrial seismic reflection profiles, allows refinement of previous interpretations of the south-directed thrust system, involving the identification of new thrust faults, and of the kinematic relationships between basement and cover thrusts from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene. AFT analysis shows a southward decrease in the level of fission track resetting, from totally reset Paleozoic rocks and lower Eocene turbidites (indicative of heating to Tmax>~120°C), to partially reset middle Eocene turbidites and no/very weak resetting in the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene molasse (Tmax<~60°C). AFT results indicate a late Oligocene-early Miocene cooling event throughout the Axial Zone and Jaca Basin. Paleo-maximum temperatures determined by vitrinite reflectance measurements and Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material reach up to ~240°C at the base of the turbidite succession. Inverse modelling of AFT and vitrinite reflectance data with the QTQt software for key samples show compatibility between vitrinite-derived Tmax and the AFT reset level for most of the samples. However, they also suggest that the highest temperatures determined in the lowermost turbidites correspond to a thermal anomaly rather than burial heating, possibly due to fluid circulation during thrust activity. From these results, we propose a new sequential restoration of the south Pyrenean thrust system propagation and related basin evolution

Estudio epidemiológico de lengua azul y enfermedad hemorrágica epizoótica en ecosistemas mediterráneos del sur de España

La lengua azul (LA) y la enfermedad hemorrágica epizoótica (EHE), son dos enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes de declaración obligatoria, causadas por virus pertenecientes al género Orbivirus. Ambas virosis infectan generalmente a rumiantes domésticos y silvestres, siendo los mosquitos del género Culicoides, los vectores principalmente implicados en la transmisión de estas enfermedades, particularmente C. imicola, considerado como el principal vector competente en la cuenca mediterránea. En los últimos años, la circulación del virus de la LA (VLA) ha sido muy intensa en Europa, especialmente en España, donde se ha detectado circulación de tres serotipos diferentes (1, 4 y 8). Por el contrario, la circulación del virus de la EHE (VEHE) no ha sido confirmada en Europa hasta la fecha, si bien, la presencia del virus en países norteafricanos determinan un riesgo evidente de entrada en el continente europeo. Los principales objetivos de este trabajo han sido: 1) determinar la prevalencia y distribución espacio-temporal del VLA en las poblaciones de ungulados silvestres en los ecosistemas mediterráneos, así como, establecer los principales factores de riesgo potencialmente implicados en la epidemiología del VLA en estas especies; 2) Evaluar la posible circulación del VEHE en Andalucía; y 3) describir la...Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are two emerging and re-emerging notifiable diseases caused by viruses belonging to the genus Orbivirus. Both viruses usually infect domestic and wild ruminants, being Culicoides midges the main competent vectors involved in the transmission of these diseases. Among the different species of culicoides, Culicoides imicola is considered the main species implicated in the transmission of both orbiviruses in the Mediterranean Basin. During the last decade, the BTV circulation has been very intense in Europe, especially in Spain, where three different serotypes has been detected (1, 4 and 8). However, EHDV circulation has not been detected in Europe to date, although the presence of this virus in northern Africa is a risk for the introduction to European countries. The main objectives for this thesis were: (1) to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of BTV prevalence in wild ungulate populations in Mediterranean ecosystems from southern Spain, as well to establish the main risk factors potentially involved in the epidemiology of BTV in these species; (2) to evaluate the possible EHDV circulation in Andalusia: and (3) to describe the spatiotemporal distribution and abundance of culicoides species in Andalusia. The study was carried out in Andalusia during the..

Serosurveillance of orbiviruses in wild cervids from Spain

No abstract available

Violación de los derechos humanos mediante la estigmatización y la discriminación a las personas afectadas con el VIH en la fundación Hoasis del barrio Ospina Pérez de la ciudad de Cúcuta

El SIDA es una pandemia global. Las personas que tienen el VIH y el SIDA están sometidas a la estigmatización, en mayor o menor grado, en todo el mundo. En todas partes el estigma del VIH se expresa a través del ostracismo social, el rechazo personal, la discriminación directa o indirecta y de leyes que privan a las personas que viven con, y están afectadas por, el VIH y el SIDA de sus derechos básicos. En algunos países la discriminación relacionada con el VIH y el SIDA en el trabajo, los servicios sanitarios, los seguros y la educación ha sido extensamente denunciada desde el principio de la epidemia. El estigma asociado al SIDA se apuntala en múltiples factores, incluidos el desconocimiento de la enfermedad, los conceptos erróneos sobre cómo se transmite el VIH, la falta de acceso a tratamiento, las noticias irresponsables sobre la epidemia por parte de los medios de comunicación, y los prejuicios y temores relacionados con diversas cuestiones socialmente delicadas, como la sexualidad, la enfermedad y la muerte, y el consumo de drogas. El trabajo que se desarrolla a continuación, se encuentra estructurado en seis (6) capítulos, así: En el primer capítulo (1) se hace referencia al problema, planteamiento, formulación, sistematización, justificación y objetivos. El segundo capítulo (2) aborda lo relacionado al marco de referencia, antecedentes, marco teórico, marco conceptual y marco jurídico (normatividad nacional e internacional). En el tercer capítulo (3) se presenta el diseño metodológico, tipo y método de investigación, población y muestra, análisis de las entrevistas realizadas a: el enfermero epidemiólogo de la Secretaría de Salud Municipal de Cúcuta Rafael Antonio Estupiñán Monsalve, el Director de la Fundación Provida – Dr. Nicolás Salazar y a la encargada de la Fundación Hoasis El Refugio – Sra. Sandra María Díaz Pedraza. Así mismo, los resultados de la Encuesta aplicada a personas portadoras del VIH/Sida, de la Fundación Hoasis El Refugio, y finalmente se presenta un análisis inferencial del trabajo de campo realizado. El cuarto capítulo (4) aborda lo contenido en el Manifiesto de Montreal de 1989, y las situaciones de discriminación que afectan a las personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA en el la Fundación Hoasis del Barrio Ospina Perez de la ciudad Cúcuta y el acceso la seguridad social. En el quinto capítulo (5), se presentan los Derechos en salud de las personas viviendo con VIH y la propuesta desarrollada en la ejecución de la presente investigación. Finalmente, en el capítulo sexto (6) se relacionan las conclusiones y recomendaciones a que se llega con la realización de este trabajo de grado