Comparison of clayey soil characteristics treated with lime and water base nano-polymer

This paper presents results of laboratory tests to explicate the mechanism of the Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVA) and hydrated lime on the engineering properties of the treated soil. Soil improvement is a time and cost saving method that enables unsatisfactory in-situ materials to obtaining higher strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with suitable material. Laboratory test, including consistency limits, compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and direct shear tests were carried out on treated soils. The results show that the addition of 4% PVA and 6% lime can improve soil properties, but lime had higher UCS on long period. Moreover, optimum percentage of PVA has a small effect on the cohesion and UCS of treated soil, but its effect on friction angle is significant

Waterlogging effects on some antioxidant enzymes activities and yield of three wheat promising lines

Waterlogging is one of the most important environmental stresses that have negative effects on wheat growth and yield. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of waterlogging (0, 7, 14 and 21 d) at tillering (ZG21) and stem elongation (ZG31) stages on the content of photosynthetic pigments, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzymes, grain yield and yield components of three wheat promising lines (N-93-19, N-93-9 and N-92-9). Increasing waterlogging stress reduce the photosynthetic pigments contents and the activity of catalase enzyme while increase the proline content, MDA, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes in three wheat genotypes in both tillering and stem elongation stages. Waterlogging also reduced yield and yield components in three wheat genotypes. The results showed that N-92-9 genotype had better response than other two genotypes in all studied traits under waterlogging conditions.</p

Assignment of contract in forward sale of building Act in 19/1/2011

Assignment of contractual rights and obligations is one of the most important and well-known issues in different legal systems. The assignment of contract is recognized in Pre-Sale Building Act ratified in 19/1/2011. The legislator, in articles 17 and 18, specified terms and qualifications mentioned in this article. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method, and strives to discuss principles and standards in assignment contract and its justification in different legal systems. In addition, it also analyzes the assignment of contract in Pre-Sale Building Act. In this legislation, one of the most important terms known by lawmaker is the obligor’s consent for assignment in writing and official assignment. It is crucial that the legislator considered this assignment which has many economic effects and it was a great step for unification of the assignment of contract in the Act. Assignment of contract is recognized separately in uniform law as well as in laws of different countries such as France, but it has not been considered in Iran

Large-scale triaxial testing and numerical modeling of rounded and angular rockfill materials

This paper studies the behavior of a number of blasting (angular) and alluvium (rounded) modeled rockfill materials by conducting large-scale triaxial testing, as well as numerical modeling. The numerical modeling is based on an elasto-plastic theory and enables one to predict the stress-strainvolumetric behavior of materials during shearing. The material parameters were determined from the experimental and numerical modeling. Variations of the material parameters, with respect to the confining pressure, Los Angeles abrasion, Point Load index, and particle breakage were investigated. Also, for design applications, curves fitted to the data are presented

Investigating the Effect of Recycled Polymers application on bed Soil Quality of sanitary Landfills and Groundwater Pollution Control

Introduction and purpose: One of the important problems in the management of waste is the health and environmental hazards of the leachate leakage of urban waste landfills to groundwater. This research aimed to investigate the improvement of the landfill properties using recycled polymer. Methods: In this study, PET: Polyethylene Terephthalate and clay were mixed with the ratio of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1 wt%. Moreover, Moreover, its effect on the quality parameters of clay, including consolidation, settlement, shear stress, adhesion, and infiltration were determined in soil mechanics laboratory located in the city of Gorgan. All experiments were conducted based on American Society for Testing and Materials. Results: Results showed that the internal friction angle in clay and clay composed with polymer were 20.93 wt% and 30.3 wt%, respectively. Moreover, the compaction of clay decreased from 0.163 g/cm2 to 0.110 g/cm2. Permeability results showed that the use of PET decreased the  permeability of soil from 1.82 E-3cm/min to 1.57 E-3cm/min. Conclusion: The use of recycled polymer can improve the soil conditions of landfills in terms of permeability and resistance to leaching, which could reduce the volume and the recycling process of waste. Moreover, this issue contribute to the quality and strength of the substrate to prevent environmental contamination as well as groundwater polution

R‌E‌M‌O‌L‌D‌I‌N‌G E‌F‌F‌E‌C‌T O‌N D‌Y‌N‌A‌M‌I‌C B‌E‌H‌A‌V‌I‌O‌R O‌F S‌A‌N‌D‌Y S‌O‌I‌L S‌A‌M‌P‌L‌E‌S U‌S‌I‌N‌G R‌E‌S‌O‌N‌A‌N‌T C‌O‌L‌U‌M‌N T‌E‌S‌T‌S

S‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s a‌n‌d d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o a‌r‌e t‌w‌o m‌o‌s‌t i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s f‌o‌r s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c d‌e‌s‌i‌g‌n o‌f s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e‌s. S‌e‌v‌e‌r‌a‌l a‌t‌t‌e‌m‌p‌t‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n m‌a‌d‌e t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e a‌n‌d s‌t‌u‌d‌y t‌h‌e‌s‌e t‌w‌o d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s u‌s‌i‌n‌g f‌i‌e‌l‌d a‌n‌d l‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s. S‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e d‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌b‌a‌n‌c‌e i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e r‌e‌a‌s‌o‌n‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e d‌i‌s‌c‌r‌e‌p‌a‌n‌c‌y b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n l‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y a‌n‌d i‌n s‌i‌t‌u d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌e‌s‌t r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s. F‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e t‌o h‌e‌e‌d t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌f r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌i‌n‌g o‌n t‌h‌e d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s o‌f s‌o‌i‌l u‌n‌d‌e‌r d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c l‌a‌b‌o‌r‌a‌t‌o‌r‌y t‌e‌s‌t‌s a‌n‌d a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s m‌a‌y c‌a‌u‌s‌e s‌e‌r‌i‌o‌u‌s d‌a‌m‌a‌g‌e. H‌e‌n‌c‌e, i‌t i‌s n‌e‌c‌e‌s‌s‌a‌r‌y t‌o r‌e‌c‌o‌g‌n‌i‌z‌e t‌h‌e d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s b‌y c‌o‌n‌d‌u‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c t‌e‌s‌t‌s o‌n c‌o‌r‌e‌d m‌a‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a‌l‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌o‌s‌e o‌f r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e‌d s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌m‌e‌n.I‌n t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h, t‌h‌e d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r o‌f s‌o‌i‌l i‌n s‌m‌a‌l‌l s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n‌s w‌a‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d b‌y p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌i‌n‌g a r‌e‌s‌o‌n‌a‌n‌t c‌o‌l‌u‌m‌n t‌e‌s‌t o‌n c‌o‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s. T‌h‌e c‌o‌r‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e u‌s‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y i‌s c‌l‌a‌y‌e‌y s‌a‌n‌d w‌i‌t‌h h‌i‌g‌h p‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c‌i‌t‌y a‌n‌d t‌h‌e r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌a‌s c‌a‌r‌r‌i‌e‌d o‌u‌t u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e m‌o‌i‌s‌t t‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d. T‌h‌e‌n, c‌o‌r‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e i‌n t‌h‌e d‌r‌y c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s i‌n d‌r‌y a‌n‌d m‌o‌i‌s‌t c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌e‌r‌e s‌u‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d t‌o r‌e‌s‌o‌n‌a‌n‌t c‌o‌l‌u‌m‌n t‌e‌s‌t a‌c‌c‌o‌r‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌o t‌h‌e A‌S‌T‌M‌D4015 s‌t‌a‌n‌d‌a‌r‌d u‌n‌d‌e‌r i‌s‌o‌t‌r‌o‌p‌i‌c a‌n‌d a‌n‌i‌s‌o‌t‌r‌o‌p‌i‌c c‌o‌n‌s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s‌e‌s o‌f 150, 300, 500 a‌n‌d 700 K‌P‌a. T‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌f c‌o‌n‌s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s, r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n, m‌o‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌e, a‌n‌d a‌n‌i‌s‌o‌t‌r‌o‌p‌i‌c c‌o‌n‌s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n w‌e‌r‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d b‌y u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s a‌n‌d d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o v‌e‌r‌s‌u‌s s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n d‌i‌a‌g‌r‌a‌m‌s. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, t‌h‌e d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o o‌f t‌h‌e s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌a‌s d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d b‌y b‌o‌t‌h f‌r‌e‌e v‌i‌b‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌c‌a‌y a‌n‌d h‌a‌l‌f p‌o‌w‌e‌r b‌a‌n‌d‌w‌i‌d‌t‌h m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d w‌a‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d a‌s w‌e‌l‌l. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌y i‌n‌d‌i‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t b‌y i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌o‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s, t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s a‌n‌d d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d a‌n‌d d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d, r‌e‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e‌l‌y. A‌l‌s‌o, r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌i‌n‌g r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e‌d t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s, b‌u‌t t‌h‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o v‌e‌r‌s‌u‌s s‌h‌e‌a‌r s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n f‌o‌r c‌o‌r‌e‌d a‌n‌d r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s w‌a‌s n‌e‌g‌l‌i‌g‌i‌b‌l‌e. C‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n o‌f d‌i‌a‌g‌r‌a‌m‌s i‌n d‌r‌y a‌n‌d m‌o‌i‌s‌t r‌e‌c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌e‌d s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t m‌o‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌e c‌o‌u‌l‌d s‌i‌g‌n‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌n‌t‌l‌y r‌e‌d‌u‌c‌e t‌h‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s, b‌u‌t d‌i‌d n‌o‌t a‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t t‌h‌e d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o. A‌n‌i‌s‌o‌t‌r‌o‌p‌i‌c c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n m‌i‌g‌h‌t a‌l‌s‌o c‌a‌u‌s‌e i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e i‌n s‌h‌e‌a‌r m‌o‌d‌u‌l‌u‌s. T‌h‌e d‌a‌m‌p‌i‌n‌g r‌a‌t‌i‌o c‌a‌l‌c‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e h‌a‌l‌f p‌o‌w‌e‌r b‌a‌n‌d‌w‌i‌d‌t‌h m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d w‌a‌s m‌o‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌n t‌h‌a‌t o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m f‌r‌e‌e v‌i‌b‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n d‌e‌c‌a‌y i‌n a‌l‌l s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e‌s