PRISM3D: a 3-D reference seismic model for Iberia and adjacent areas

We present PRISM3D, a 3-D reference seismic model of P- and S-wave velocities for Iberia and adjacent areas. PRISM3D results from the combination of the most up-to-date earth models available for the region. It extends horizontally from 15°W to 5°E in longitude, 34°N to 46°N in latitude and vertically from 3.5 km above to 200 km below sea level, and is modelled on a regular grid with 10 and 0.5 km of grid node spacing in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. It was designed using models inferred from local and teleseismic body-wave tomography, earthquake and ambient noise surface wave tomography, receiver function analysis and active source experiments. It includes two interfaces, namely the topography/bathymetry and the Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity. The Moho was modelled from previously published receiver function analysis and deep seismic sounding results. To that end we used a probabilistic surface reconstruction algorithm that allowed to extract the mean of the Moho depth surface along with its associated standard deviation, which provides a depth uncertainty estimate. The Moho depth model is in good agreement with previously published models, although it presents slightly sharper gardients in orogenic areas such as the Pyrenees or the Betic-Rif system. Crustal and mantle P- and S-wave wave speed grids were built separately on each side of the Moho depth surface by weighted average of existing models, thus allowing to realistically render the speed gradients across that interface. The associated weighted standard deviation was also calculated, which provides an uncertainty estimation on the average wave speed values at any point of the grid. At shallow depths (<10 km), low P and S wave speeds and high VP/VS are observed in offshore basins, while the Iberian Massif, which covers a large part of western Iberia, appears characterized by a rather flat Moho, higher than average VP and VS and low VP/VS. Conversely, the Betic-Rif system seems to be associated with low VP and VS, combined with high VP/VS in comparison to the rest of the study area. The most prominent feature of the mantle is the well known high wave speed anomaly related to the Alboran slab imaged in various mantle tomography studies. The consistency of PRISM3D with previous work is verified by comparing it with two recent studies, with which it shows a good general agreement.The impact of the new 3-D model is illustrated through a simple synthetic experiment, which shows that the lateral variations of the wave speed can produce traveltime differences ranging from –1.5 and 1.5 s for P waves and from –2.5 and 2.5 s for S waves at local to regional distances. Such values are far larger than phase picking uncertainties and would likely affect earthquake hypocentral parameter estimations. The new 3-D model thus provides a basis for regional studies including earthquake source studies, Earth structure investigations and geodynamic modelling of Iberia and its surroundings

Prevention and control of Chagas Disease : an overview

Chagas disease is the main cause of heart failure and sudden death in the Western Hemisphere. The literature of the last decades reported on the changing epidemiological profiles of Chagas disease, which now threats the human population in the cities. The exodus of the Latin America people to the Northern Hemisphere explains the growing concern in countries where the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi was accidental or transferred from a mother to her offspring. Herein, we present the evidence of the possible acquisition of the T. cruzi infection by sex. The staggering demonstration of the transmission of the T. cruzi infections from males and females to naïve mates by intercourse introduces substantial changes in the surveillance of the Chagas disease. Notably, the sexual transmission of the T. cruzi introduces changes in the concepts of medical care, prevention and control; specifically, the risk for the vertical transfer of the parasiteinduced kDNA mutations, underpinning the genetically driven autoimmunity, inheritance, and pathogenesis associated with multifaceted clinical manifestations of Chagas disease with high ratios of morbidity and mortality. In this regard, the endemics require much paradigm research with new approaches and innovation technologies, aiming at its control. For example, the recent knowledge anticipates useful measures for preventing the potential forthcoming pandemic Chagas parasites. A long-lasting multicenter research program is needed for creative, drug discovery for curtailment of Chagas disease. Meanwhile, the prevention shall rely on the education, information, and communication program for health

Biological activity of the aqueous extract of Lychnophora pinaster Mart

Lyophilized aqueous extract (LAE) from Lychnophora pinaster Mart (Asteraceae) aerial parts was evaluated in the search of possible biological activities. LAE exhibited trypanocidal activity (113.62 μg/mL), but could not inhibit 5-lipoxygenase in vitro (17% of inhibition). LAE chemical characterization by HPLC with UV-Diode Array Detector showed the presence of caffeic acid, isochlorogenic acid, vitexin, isovitexin and quercetin, in comparison with authentic samples

Physical Exercise Restores the Generation of New born Neurons in an Animal Model of Chronic Epilepsy

Neurogenesis impairment is associated with the chronic phase of the epilepsy in humans and also observed in animal models. Recent studies with animal models have shown that physical exercise is capable of improving neurogenesis in adult subjects, alleviating cognitive impairment and depression. Here, we show that there is a reduction in the generation of newborn granule cells in the dentate gyrus of adult rats subjected to a chronic model of epilepsy during the postnatal period of brain development. We also show that the physical exercise was capable to restore the number of newborn granule cells in this animals to the level observed in the control group. Notably, a larger number of newborn granule cells exhibiting morphological characteristics indicative of correct targeting into the hippocampal circuitry and the absence of basal dendrite projections was also observed in the epileptic animals subjected to physical exercise compared to the epileptic animals. The results described here could represent a positive interference of the physical exercise on the neurogenesis process in subjects with chronic epilepsy. The results may also help to reinterpret the benefits of the physical exercise in alleviating symptoms of depression and cognitive dysfunction.Fapemig (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais)CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico)FAPESP (Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo)INNT (Instituto Nacional de Neurociencia Translacional)CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior)Univ Fed Sao Joao del Rei, Dept Engn Biossistemas, Lab Neurociencia Expt Computac, Sao Joao Del Rei, BrazilHosp Israelita Albert Einstein, Inst Cerebro, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Mogi das Cruzes, Nucleo Pesquisas Tecnol, Mogi Das Cruzes, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Fisiol, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Disciplina Neurol Expt, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Dept Fisiol, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Disciplina Neurol Expt, Escola Paulista Med, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Serial clinical and echocardiographic evaluation in children with Marfan syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical cardiac manifestations and temporal evolution of Marfan syndrome in children; to estimate the incidence of annuloaortic ectasia and mitral valve prolapse; and to evaluate tolerability and efficacy of beta-blockers in these patients. METHODS: During one year, 21children with Marfan syndrome underwent serial clinical and echocardiographic examinations. Echocardiograms assessed: the presence of mitral valve prolapse, aortic root diameter, mitral and aortic valves regurgitation, and aortic enlargement during beta-blocker therapy. Eleven patients had two measurements of the aortic root taken one year apart. RESULTS: The children were asymptomatic throughout the study. Mitral prolapse was found in 11 (52%) children. Annuloaortic ectasia occurred in 16 (76%) patients and found to be mild in 42.8%, moderate in 9.5%, and severe in 23.8%. One of these patients underwent aortic valve replacement and repair of the ascending aorta by the Bentall-De Bono technique, with good results. Heart rate decreased by 13.6% (from 85 to 73 bpm; p < 0.009) with the use of beta-blockers; however, aortic root diameter increased by 1.4 mm/year (p<0.02). One child could not be given beta-blockers due to bronchial asthma, and no significant side effects were observed in the remaining children, including one who also had bronchial asthma. CONCLUSION: The children remained asymptomatic throughout the study, the use of beta-blockers led to a significant decrease in heart rate, and no significant adverse effects were observed. Contrary to the literature, incidence of annuloaortic ectasia was high among the study population, greater than that of mitral valve prolapse, even during beta-blocker therapy.OBJETIVO: Descrever a apresentação clínica cardiológica e a evolução temporal, estimar a incidência de ectasia ânulo-aórtica e de prolapso da valva mitral, e avaliar a tolerância e a efetividade dos betabloqueadores em crianças com síndrome de Marfan. MÉTODOS: Foram submetidas a exame clínico e ecocardiográfico seriado, durante um ano, 21 crianças com síndrome de Marfan. No ecocardiograma foram analisados: presença de prolapso mitral, diâmetro da raiz aórtica, refluxos das valvas mitral e aórtica, e o crescimento dos diâmetros aórticos na vigência de betabloqueadores. Em 11 pacientes foi possível obter duas medidas da raiz aórtica no intervalo de um ano. RESULTADOS: Durante o estudo as crianças não apresentaram sintomas. Prolapso mitral foi encontrado em 11 (52%) crianças. Ectasia ânulo-aórtica ocorreu em 16 (76%) pacientes, sendo de grau discreto em 42,8%, moderado em 9,5%, e importante em 23,8%. Um desses pacientes foi submetido com sucesso à cirurgia de Bentall DeBono. Com o uso de betabloqueador a freqüência cardíaca diminuiu 13,6% (de 85 para 73 bpm; p < 0,009), mas houve um crescimento da raiz aórtica de 1,4 mm/ano (p < 0,02). Uma criança não pôde receber betabloqueador em razão de asma brônquica, e não foram observados efeitos colaterais significativos nas outras crianças, incluindo uma com asma brônquica. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, no período observado, as crianças permaneceram assintomáticas, o uso de betabloqueadores diminuiu significativamente a freqüência cardíaca e não se acompanhou de efeitos adversos significativos. Ao contrário da literatura, a incidência de ectasia ânulo-aórtica foi elevada e maior do que a de prolapso valvar mitral, tendo crescimento mesmo na vigência de uso eficaz de betabloqueador.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Spatial distribution of wood volume in brazilian savannas

Here we model and describe the wood volume of Cerrado Sensu Stricto, a highly heterogeneous vegetation type in the Savanna biome, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, integrating forest inventory data with spatial-environmental variables, multivariate regression, and regression kriging. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that affect the spatial distribution of the wood volume of this vegetation type as well as allowing better representation of the spatial heterogeneity of this biome. Wood volume estimates were obtained through regression models using different environmental variables as independent variables. Using the best fitted model, spatial analysis of the residuals was carried out by selecting a semivariogram model for generating an ordinary kriging map, which in turn was used with the fitted regression model in the regression kriging technique. Seasonality of both temperature and precipitation, along with the density of deforestation, explained the variations of wood volume throughout Minas Gerais. The spatial distribution of predicted wood volume of Cerrado Sensu Stricto in Minas Gerais revealed the high variability of this variable (15.32 to 98.38 m3 ha-1) and the decreasing gradient in the southeast-northwest direction914COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESSem informaçã

Power line electrocution as an overlooked threat to Lear's Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari)

Electrocution can pose a serious threat to large birds, particularly threatened species with low population sizes. However, few studies have focused on the impacts of electrocution on large parrots such as the Endangered Lear's Macaw Anodorhynchus leari, endemic to the Brazilian Caatinga. Here, we compile and describe 31 electrocution events, as reported by villagers, indicating that electrocution may be an important threat to Lear's Macaw. We suggest a research and monitoring agenda to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of this impact and recommend some immediate mitigation measures for decreasing electrocutions.info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersio