El funcionamiento de las ONG´S palentinas: Cruz Roja y Cáritas, y la figura del educador social en ellas

El presente trabajo tiene como fin el estudio de las ONG´S más reconocidas popularmente en la ciudad de Palencia: Cruz Roja y Cáritas. Para ello se llevará a cabo un análisis sobre su funcionamiento: quienes son los destinatarios a los que se dirige, qué actividades ofrecen, con qué profesionales cuentan, en qué metodologías basan su intervención, como se sustentan económicamente, etc. También realizando una observación de la evolución de todas estas variables en los últimos años. Por otra parte, se procederá a investigar, a través de la realización de encuestas a personas involucradas en ambas entidades, qué presencia tiene la Educación Social en ellas. Así como indagar qué similitudes existen entre la Educación Social y ambas ONG´S, para lo que se hará un breve inciso sobre las funciones y competencias del educador social recogidas en el Código Deontológico de la educación social, corroborar de sí se trata de una figura profesional que puede encajar dentro de la plantilla de una ONG y lo que esta aportaría, con diferencia de otros profesionales, tanto dentro de la propia entidad como con la sensibilización del contexto cercano.Grado en Educación Socia

Proyecto de una fábrica de cerveza artesanal para la comercialización de 2.000 hL de cerveza, en Villada (Palencia) = Project of a craft beer factory for the marketing of 2.000 hL of beer, in Villada (Palencia)

El presente proyecto tiene por objetivo el diseño y dimensionamiento de una nave para la elaboración de cerveza artesanal; concretamente para la fabricación de cuatro variedades de cerveza: Indian Pale Ale, Irish Red Ale, Westmalle Tripel y Dunkelweizen. Esta industria se sitúa en el término municipal de Villada, en la parcela 5028a, del polígono 11, La Vega; la cual posee una superficie de 2.385 m2. La propiedad del proyecto corresponde a Elena Rodríguez Sastre, por lo tanto promotora de este y trabajadora de la industria. Teniendo en cuenta las exigencias que plantea el promotor, el proyecto está diseñado de forma que sea lo más rentable posible, obteniéndose productos diferenciados, de calidad y autóctonos de la zona; mediante la optimización de los factores y recursos, así como de la energía empleados durante todo el proceso productivo; y todo ello proporcionando la seguridad adecuada y el confort necesario para los empleados. Esta industria tiene una producción de 2.000 hL al año, realizándose una producción anual de 500 hL de cerveza de cada una de las variedades o estilos seleccionados. Se produce cerveza cuatro días a la semana, a razón de 2 lotes al día y variedad. Tras finalizar el proceso productivo, se obtiene como producto final botellines de cerveza de 0,33 L. Respecto a la comercialización del producto, el volumen de cerveza elaborado tiene como objetivo la entrada en el mercado de la provincia de Palencia y la Comunidad de Castilla y León, pudiendo plantearse en un futuro entrar en el mercado del resto de España. Por lo tanto, su objetivo principal no es competir con las grandes marcas, sino ofrecer un producto diferenciado y de calidad; por ello su sector de venta será la hostelería y restauración

Study of the behaviour of graphene oxide as surface treatment in concrete structures

128 p.[ES] Una de las actividades que mayor impacto tiene sobre el medio ambiente es la construcción. El gran consumo de recursos naturales derivados de esta, junto con la gran producción de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD) que genera, provocan una gran presión medioambiental. De esta forma, nacen los principales desafíos que enfrenta la conservación de los materiales de construcción. Todos estos desafíos están comprometidos con la promoción de la construcción ambientalmente sostenible, mediante la implementación de nuevas prácticas innovadoras para reducir el impacto ambiental. Es por ello, que cualquier técnica que permita aumentar la vida útil de los materiales utilizados en la construcción, conseguirá de forma indirecta una mejora considerable de la sostenibilidad, fomentando la economía circular. Una de las técnicas que viene proponiéndose en los últimos años, orientada a aumentar la vida útil de los materiales de construcción, y sobre todo de las estructuras de hormigón, es el uso de recubrimientos o tratamientos superficiales. Recientemente, la búsqueda de estrategias para mejorar el rendimiento de los recubrimientos tradicionales ha jugado un papel importante la aparición del uso de nanomateriales. La viabilidad que presenta el uso de distintos nanomateriales como material complementario para mejorar el rendimiento de los tratamientos superficiales ya ha sido constatada en los últimos años por un gran número de publicaciones. Los autores de estas investigaciones han evaluado el efecto que provoca la combinación de nanomateriales con tratamientos superficiales tradicionales. Los resultados obtenidos engloban una mejora de las propiedades mecánicas, microestructurales y de durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón que presentan tratamientos superficiales modificados con nanomateriales. El extraordinario potencial que presentan los nanomateriales ha provocado que se estudie la viabilidad de estos como único tratamiento superficial para aumentar la vida útil de las estructuras de hormigón. Surge así la línea de investigación de la presente tesis doctoral, basada en el uso de nuevos tratamientos superficiales formados únicamente por nanomateriales 2D. El nanomaterial utilizado en esta investigación es el óxido de grafeno (por sus siglas en ingles GO), que es uno de los materiales 2D más prometedores, gracias a su estructura laminar y su espesor atómico, que le proporcionan una química superficial rica en oxígeno y una buena dispersabilidad en agua, convirtiéndose en una alternativa potencial para la protección de los materiales de construcción. Además, se considera que el GO es el derivado del grafeno más asequible, desde el punto de vista económico permite recubrimientos a gran escala. El uso de GO como tratamiento superficial proporciona una protección real, lo que supone una nueva línea de mejora en la resistencia de las estructuras de hormigón.[EN] One of the activities that has the greatest impact on the environment is construction. The high consumption of natural resources derived from it, together with the large production of construction and demolition waste (CDW) that it generates, leads to great environmental pressure. This gives rise to the main challenges facing the conservation of building materials. All these challenges are committed to promoting environmentally sustainable construction by implementing new innovative practices to reduce environmental impact. Therefore, any technique that allows increasing the useful life of the materials used in construction will indirectly achieve a considerable improvement in sustainability, fostering the circular economy. One of the techniques that has been proposed in recent years, aimed at increasing the useful life of construction materials, especially concrete structures, is the use of coatings or surface treatments. Recently, the search for strategies to improve the performance of traditional coatings has played an important role in the emergence of the use of nanomaterials. The feasibility of using different nanomaterials as a complementary material to improve the performance of surface treatments has already been confirmed in recent years by a large number of publications. The authors of this research have evaluated the effect of combining nanomaterials with traditional surface treatments. The results obtained include an improvement in the mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of concrete structures with nanomaterial-modified surface treatments. The extraordinary potential of nanomaterials has led to the study of their viability as the only surface treatment to increase the useful life of concrete structures. The research line of this doctoral thesis is based on the use of new surface treatments formed solely by 2D nanomaterials. The nanomaterial used in this research is graphene oxide (GO), which is one of the most promising 2D materials, thanks to its lamellar structure and atomic thickness, which provide it with an oxygen-rich surface chemistry and good dispersibility in water, making it a potential alternative for the protection of construction materials. In addition, GO is considered to be the most affordable graphene derivative, from an economic point of view allowing large-scale coatings. The use of GO as a surface treatment provides real protection, which represents a new line of improvement in the strength of concrete structures

Impact of Wood-Boring Larvae of Xylotrechus arvicola (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on Mechanical Properties of Vitis vinifera Plants

[EN] Xylotrechus arvicola represents a significant insect pest impacting Vitis vinifera within the principal wine-producing territories of the Iberian Peninsula. The larvae of this species bore into grapevine wood, resulting in significant structural and biomechanical deterioration to the plant. Compressive and flexural tests were conducted to assess the mechanical properties of wood affected by X. arvicola. Compressive and flexural strength exhibited a decline with the escalation of the Total Damaged Surface Area (TDSA) of the samples, ranging from 0.31% to 0.73% in trunks and from 0.04 to 0.76% in branches, irrespective of the wood moisture content (fresh and dry). The most significant reduction in resistance occurred in affected dry trunks and branches. Notably, the deflection at break for dry samples was lower compared to fresh samples (65.00 and 97.85 mm, respectively). Moreover, the deflection at break for affected fresh samples (164.37 mm) significantly surpassed that of unaffected fresh samples (72.58 mm) and affected dry samples (37.50 mm). It is noteworthy that a higher percentage of TDSA coincided with diminished wood resistance. The percentage of fungal growth symptoms observed in affected wood samples was 66.66% for dry trunks, 75.00% for fresh branches, and 60.00% for dry branches. The damage inflicted by larvae facilitated the spread of grapevine diseases via emergence of holes created by insects upon exiting the wood and through the larval galleries connected to them. This damage also altered the mechanical properties of grapevine plants, with fresh branches exhibiting the most pronounced effectsSIThank you to the research program of the Universidad de León 2022 for the grant awarded to Daniela Ramírez Lozano; to the Junta de Castilla y Leon for the aid for financing the predoctoral hiring of research personnel, co-financed by the European Social Fund and translated into ORDEN EDU/875/2021 awarded to Andrea Antolín Rodríguez; and to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Spain) for the grant awarded to Laura Zanfaño González (FPU 20/03040

Improving the performance of recycled concrete by biodeposition of biogenic silica as a surface coating

[EN] This study addresses the challenges of sustainability and the implementation of a circular economy in the construction and maintenance of concrete structures used in clean-water applications. Specifically, it examines the use of an innovative surface treatment based on a biofilm comprising diatom biosilica deposition as a waterproofing agent and surface pore sealant to improve the longevity of recycled concrete. To this end biofilm-treated and untreated (control) samples of a concrete mix containing 50% recycled aggregates were subject to four performance tests directed at assessing the durability of concrete structures under environmental conditions: resistance to carbonation, freeze–thaw durability, resistance to water penetration, and electrical resistivity as an indicator of the corrosion resistance of concrete. In addition, the protective biofilm was characterised using SEM. Results suggest that the biogenic silica surface treatment significantly improves the durability of recycled concrete, in particular, for treated compared to untreated samples there was a 56 % reduction of the carbonation front, 26% lower mass loss in freeze–thaw cycles, 57% reduction in the water penetration front under pressure, and 44% higher electrical resistivity. Together these findings confirm that the biofilm used in this study constitutes an effective treatment to improve the properties of recycled concrete and ensure its durability, particularly when used in the construction of structures in contact with constant water fluctuations

Surface protection of recycled concrete from different biogenic silica bio-deposition techniques: A sustainable approach

[EN] The increasing generation of construction and demolition waste poses an environmental challenge. In this study, the use of recycled concretes is proposed as a possible solution, reducing the extraction of natural resources and minimising the accumulation of waste in landfills. To ensure the durability and strength of this type of recycled concrete, two diatom culture techniques were developed in controlled environments to promote the bio-deposition of biogenic silica on the surface concrete. Through the resulting protective biofilm, diatoms decreased the capillary absorption and improved the impermeability of concrete to water and gases, such as CO2. Furthermore, these contributed to an increased mechanical strength of the concrete and a positive morphological modification of its surface by densifying and sealing surface pores. These results support the potential of diatoms as an effective solution to improve the properties and durability of recycled concreteSIThis work has been supported by the Junta de Castilla y León through the grants to finance the pre-doctoral hiring of research personnel, co-financed by the European Social Fund and resulting ORDEN EDU/875/2021 and ORDEN EDU/601/202

Effective section on grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) attacked by Xylotrechus arvicola Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) grubs: Influence and effects on its resistance

[EN] Xylotrechus arvicola Olivier 1795 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an insect pest that affects Vitis vinifera L. 1753 (Vitales: Vitaceae) plants in the main wine-producing regions of Spain. X. arvicola larvae bore into grapevine wood, causing both direct damage (ingestion of vascular tissues) and indirect damages (introduction of wood fungi) to the plant. The aim of research was to evaluate the effective section of wood damaged by larvae and assess its resistance capacity through compression tests and loading and breaking times. Compressive tests (on trunks) and flexural tests (on branches) were performed to evaluate the effective section. Trunk samples exhibited a higher effective section than branches samples, with effective section percentages ranging from 91.49 % to 93.53 % in trunks and decreasing from 84.91 % to 86.95 % in branches. Both loading times (Time 1) and breakage times (Time 2) increased with the effective section of the wood, although these times were lower in damaged wood samples of both trunks and branches. Additionally, significant differences were observed in the interactions between loading time x effective section and breakage time x effective section in dry trunks. This indicates a stronger relationship between the effective section and increased resistance in trunks. The results suggest that, in ‘Tempranillo’ variety, branches with a lower effective section are more prone to breakage when affected by X. arvicola larvae, whereas trunks, with a greater effective section, maintain better stability. This research should be continued with the evaluation of other vine varieties and different years of X. arvicola attacks, as the current findings are based on a single variety (‘Tempranillo’) over a period of ten years.SIThanks to the research program of the Universidad de León 2022 for the grant awarded to Daniela Ramírez Lozano, to the Junta de Castilla y Leon for the aid for financing the predoctoral hiring of research personnel, co-financed by the European Social Fund and which is translated into ORDEN EDU/875/2021 awarded to Andrea Antolín Rodríguez and, to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (Spain) for the grant awarded to Laura Zanfaño González (FPU 20/03040)

Innovative approach for the protection of recycled concrete by biogenic silica biodeposition

[EN] Over the past few years, the construction industry has sought to be more sustainable through use of more economically responsible materials and the use of environmentally friendly techniques such as bio-remediation. One promising area in this regard is that of surface treatments, particularly bio-repair techniques, to reduce the deterioration suffered by cement-based materials as a result of environmental conditions. This study presents original work on the use of silicaceous biodeposition by diatoms as a waterproofing surface treatment for recycled concrete. A recycled concrete mix containing a 50% substitution of recycled aggregates (RA) was used as a test substrate and the effectiveness of the bio-treatment was assessed using four different tests: capillary absorption, high-pressure water penetration, low-pressure water absorption and also characterised the biodeposited layer using SEM. Results demonstrate reductions of up to 33% in the capillary absorption test, while high-pressure water penetration decreased by 54.7%, compared to controls. In addition, Karsten tube tests showed low-pressure water absorption was delayed by up to 436 times relative to control samples. In combination these tests confirm the efficacy of diatom biodeposition as a protective surface treatment for cement-based construction materials.S

Microstructural, durability and colorimetric properties of concrete coated with a controlled application of graphene oxide

[EN]The present work analyzes how an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide (GO), as a surface treatment, can influence the properties of conventional concrete. The results show that the application of a GO surface coating on concrete improves its resistance to carbonation and chloride ion penetration, and also increases its electrical resistivity. In the best case, the GO coating can reduce carbonation by 40% and chloride ion diffusion by 75%. An increase of up to 75% in concrete resistivity was also achieved. The application of GO promotes the hydration process and densifies the microstructure of the concrete surface, and this is verified by scanning electron microscopy analysis. In addition, no color modification occurred after application of the treatment.SIPublicación en abierto financiada por el Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de Castilla y León (BUCLE), con cargo al Programa Operativo 2014ES16RFOP009 FEDER 2014-2020 DE CASTILLA Y LEÓN, Actuación:20007-CL - Apoyo Consorcio BUCL

“Un clic diario y a por el temario”

[ES] La presente comunicación pretende producir un cambio metodológico en la impartición de una asignatura (Proyectos, de tercer curso de la titulación de Graduado en Ingeniería Agraria) que tradicionalmente venía desarrollándose en un formato de clase magistral, con amplio contenido teórico, poca participación de los alumnos durante la impartición de las clases y escasa motivación por parte de los mismos hacia la materia. Las nuevas metodologías planteadas para ella, tratan de implementar un proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje mucho más activo, con una participación constante de los alumnos, tanto hacia los contenidos académicos de la asignatura, como hacia otro tipo contenidos extraacadémicos que se abordan durante la enseñanza de la misma (trabajo en equipo, toma de apuntes, etc.), incrementando de este modo la motivación del estudiante. Para ello, se trabaja en distintas líneas de innovación docente como la clase invertida, el aprendizaje colaborativo, el aprendizaje basado en problemas o retos, la gamificación, y el uso de Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). Los objetivos perseguidos son: A) Motivar como motor del aprendizaje. B) Estimular la enseñanza y del trabajo al día a través de la gamificación. C) Ayudar al alumno a entender el aula como fuente de materia prima de calidad y a autoevaluar su capacidad para desarrollar la destreza de la toma de apuntes. D) Potenciar la cultura de la colaboración y el trabajo en equipo como valor imprescindible para el futuro desarrollo profesional. E) Facilitar el aprendizaje a través la utilización de nuevos recursos pedagógicos (Flipped Classroom) que convierten al alumno en centro y protagonista del proceso de enseñanza. (Equipo profesor/alumno). Tras la aplicación de las actividades y herramientas ideadas para la consecución de estos objetivos, se observó una participación en el aula más numerosa y activa y una mejora notable en los índices de éxito de la asignatura