Effect on sodium-dependent CAMG-uptake obtained in hSGLT1 or hSGLT2 treated with thioglycosides (10 µM each) or phlorizin (10 µM)

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Thioglycosides as inhibitors of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2: Potential therapeutic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;4(3):131-139.</p><p>Published online 5 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1868657.</p><p>© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</p> Results are expressed as percent of inhibition based on uptake in CHO cells expressing hSGLT1 or hSGLT2 not exposed to thioglycosides (control cells). Blue and red bars represent hSGLT1 and hSGLT2, respectively. Results are the mean of six different experiments. Error bars represents standard deviations. * < 0.01 shows significantly higher inhibition of sodium-dependent AMG uptake in treated cells as compared to control cells. Control uptake in CHO cells expressing hSGLT1 was 735 pmol/mg/h ± 22 pmol/mg/h and in CHO cells expressing hSGLT2 was 342 pmol/mg/h ± 15 pmol/mg/h

Changes in cell membrane potential induced by D-glucose, thioglycosides I and VII (10

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Thioglycosides as inhibitors of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2: Potential therapeutic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;4(3):131-139.</p><p>Published online 5 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1868657.</p><p>© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</p> Blue and red bars represent hSGLT1 and hSGLT2, respectively. The change in FRET signal was normalized to the values obtained from non-transfected CHO cells (controls). Results are the mean of six different experiments. Error bars represents standard deviations. * < 0.01 shows significantly higher induction of cell membrane depolarization in treated cells as compared to control cells (not exposed to thioglycosides)

Correlation of sodium-dependent AMG-uptake to sugar-induced cell membrane depolarization is shown

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Thioglycosides as inhibitors of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2: Potential therapeutic agents for the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes"</p><p></p><p>International Journal of Medical Sciences 2007;4(3):131-139.</p><p>Published online 5 May 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1868657.</p><p>© Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited.</p> The correlation coefficient of 0.92 demonstrates a strong linear relationship between the two variables ( < 0.001)

Heatmap of the variance stabilization transformed data (vsd) of ds<i>Pcsut1</i>-injected <i>vs</i>. ds<i>gfp</i>-injected samples.

<p>Samples derived from glandular tissue. For this, the transcript counts of the sugar transporters of each sample after dsRNA-injection have been normalized to the effective library size and the variance over all samples has been stabilized by applying the DESeq package. For each heatmap, the 30 most abundant sugar transporter transcripts are shown. Ds<i>gfp</i>-injected samples are the same in each heatmap.</p

Number of assembled transcripts and average length after assembly and reassembly showing the usefulness of reassembling.

<p>Number of assembled transcripts and average length after assembly and reassembly showing the usefulness of reassembling.</p

Putative Sugar Transporters of the Mustard Leaf Beetle <i>Phaedon cochleariae</i>: Their Phylogeny and Role for Nutrient Supply in Larval Defensive Glands

<div><p>Background</p><p>Phytophagous insects have emerged successfully on the planet also because of the development of diverse and often astonishing defensive strategies against their enemies. The larvae of the mustard leaf beetle <i>Phaedon cochleariae</i>, for example, secrete deterrents from specialized defensive glands on their back. The secretion process involves ATP-binding cassette transporters. Therefore, sugar as one of the major energy sources to fuel the ATP synthesis for the cellular metabolism and transport processes, has to be present in the defensive glands. However, the role of sugar transporters for the production of defensive secretions was not addressed until now.</p><p>Results</p><p>To identify sugar transporters in <i>P. cochleariae</i>, a transcript catalogue was created by Illumina sequencing of cDNA libraries. A total of 68,667 transcripts were identified and 68 proteins were annotated as either members of the solute carrier 2 (SLC2) family or trehalose transporters. Phylogenetic analyses revealed an extension of the mammalian GLUT6/8 class in insects as well as one group of transporters exhibiting distinctive conserved motifs only present in the insect order Coleoptera. RNA-seq data of samples derived from the defensive glands revealed six transcripts encoding sugar transporters with more than 3,000 counts. Two of them are exclusively expressed in the glandular tissue. Reduction in secretions production was accomplished by silencing two of four selected transporters. RNA-seq experiments of transporter-silenced larvae showed the down-regulation of the silenced transporter but concurrently the up-regulation of other SLC2 transporters suggesting an adaptive system to maintain sugar homeostasis in the defensive glands.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>We provide the first comprehensive phylogenetic study of the SLC2 family in a phytophagous beetle species. RNAi and RNA-seq experiments underline the importance of SLC2 transporters in defensive glands to achieve a chemical defense for successful competitive interaction in natural ecosystems.</p></div

Differential expression analysis using DESeq package.

<p>baseMeanA: mean of normalized counts value of ds<i>gfp</i>-injected samples. baseMeanB: mean of normalized counts values of dsRNA-<i>gfp</i>-injected, dsRNA-<i>Pcsut1</i>-injected, dsRNA-<i>Pcsut2</i>-injected, dsRNA-<i>Pcsut6</i>-injected samples. Fold-change: baseMeanA compared to baseMeanB. Log₂fold-change: logarithm (to base 2) of fold-change values. Pval: p-value for the statistical significance of this change. Padj: p-value adjusted for multiple testing with Benjamini-Hochberg procedure which controls false discovery rate.</p

Heatmap of the variance stabilization transformed data (vsd) of ds<i>Pcsut2</i>-injected <i>versus</i> ds<i>gfp</i>-injected samples.

<p>Samples derived from glandular tissue. For further explanation see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0084461#pone-0084461-g008" target="_blank">Figure 8</a>.</p

Heatmap of the variance stabilization transformed data (vsd) of ds<i>Pcsut6</i>-injected <i>vs</i>. ds<i>gfp</i>-injected samples.

<p>Samples derived from glandular tissue. For further explanation see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0084461#pone-0084461-g008" target="_blank">Figure 8</a>.</p

The phylogenetic tree of the nine sequences derived from <i>P. cochleariae</i> belonging to the purple branch (see <b>Figure 3</b> and <b>4</b>, Figure S4) and homologous sequences derived from the whole tree of life, especially from <i>Dendroctonus ponderosae</i> (Dc) as well as from <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Tc), was calculated using RaxML.

<p>Indicated in purple, it can be seen that the beetles’ sequences build up a separate branch.</p