The fall of Keynesianism and the rise of Neo-Classical liberalism

John Maynard Keynes, otac makroekonomije i jedan od najvećih ekonomista svih vremena, zagovornik državnog intervencionizma radi smanjenja nezaposlenosti proizašle iz Velike depresije, tvorac najvaţnije knjige u ekonomskoj povijesti pod nazivom „Opća teorija zaposlenosti, kamate i novca“, začetnik je keynesijanske revolucije. Prva primjena njegove ekonomske teorije vidljiva je u programu F. D. Roosevelta pod nazivom „New Deal“ kojom je uveden red u američkoj ekonomiji. Najveći doprinos popularizaciji keynesijanske ekonomije dali su J. Hicks i P. Samuelson jer je u njihovo vrijeme bila dominantna sila u ekonomskoj misli. Pad keynesijanske pretpostavke javlja se početkom 1970-ih zbog nemogućnosti rješavanja istodobnog rasta inflacije i nezaposlenosti. Paralelno s padom keynesijanske pretpostavke, dolazi do uspona nove ekonomske teorije, monetarizma, koji se ujedno javlja kao odgovor na keynesijanizam i drţavni intervencionizam. Uz keynesijanizam i monetarizam, kao najvaţnije makroekonomske teorije u 20. stoljeću, javlja se nova klasična makroekonomija. Nova klasična makroekonomija razvija teoriju racionalnih očekivanja te primjenjuje mikroekonomske osnove u makroekonomiji.John Maynard Keynes, founder of macroeconomics and one of the greatest economist of all time, advocate of government interventionism in order to decrease unemployment arising from Great Depression, creator of the most important book of economic history „General theory of employment“, interest rate and money, is originator of Keynesianism revolution. The first appliance of his economic theory was visible in F. D. Roosevelt programme „New deal“ by which was introduced order in American economy. J. Hicks and P. Samuelson gave the largest contribution to popularization of Keynesianism economy. Collapse of Keynesianism assumption occurs during 1970s because of inability to explain increase of inflation and unemployment at the same time. Parallel with Keynesianism overturn occurs the ascent of new economic theory called monetarism, which appears as response to Keynesianism and government interventionism. Along with Keynesianism and Monetarism, as the most important macroeconomic theories of 20th century, we have absolute rise of new classical macroeconomic. New classical macroeconomic theory develops theory of rational expectations and applies microeconomic basics in macroeconomic theory

The fall of Keynesianism and the rise of Neo-Classical liberalism

John Maynard Keynes, otac makroekonomije i jedan od najvećih ekonomista svih vremena, zagovornik državnog intervencionizma radi smanjenja nezaposlenosti proizašle iz Velike depresije, tvorac najvaţnije knjige u ekonomskoj povijesti pod nazivom „Opća teorija zaposlenosti, kamate i novca“, začetnik je keynesijanske revolucije. Prva primjena njegove ekonomske teorije vidljiva je u programu F. D. Roosevelta pod nazivom „New Deal“ kojom je uveden red u američkoj ekonomiji. Najveći doprinos popularizaciji keynesijanske ekonomije dali su J. Hicks i P. Samuelson jer je u njihovo vrijeme bila dominantna sila u ekonomskoj misli. Pad keynesijanske pretpostavke javlja se početkom 1970-ih zbog nemogućnosti rješavanja istodobnog rasta inflacije i nezaposlenosti. Paralelno s padom keynesijanske pretpostavke, dolazi do uspona nove ekonomske teorije, monetarizma, koji se ujedno javlja kao odgovor na keynesijanizam i drţavni intervencionizam. Uz keynesijanizam i monetarizam, kao najvaţnije makroekonomske teorije u 20. stoljeću, javlja se nova klasična makroekonomija. Nova klasična makroekonomija razvija teoriju racionalnih očekivanja te primjenjuje mikroekonomske osnove u makroekonomiji.John Maynard Keynes, founder of macroeconomics and one of the greatest economist of all time, advocate of government interventionism in order to decrease unemployment arising from Great Depression, creator of the most important book of economic history „General theory of employment“, interest rate and money, is originator of Keynesianism revolution. The first appliance of his economic theory was visible in F. D. Roosevelt programme „New deal“ by which was introduced order in American economy. J. Hicks and P. Samuelson gave the largest contribution to popularization of Keynesianism economy. Collapse of Keynesianism assumption occurs during 1970s because of inability to explain increase of inflation and unemployment at the same time. Parallel with Keynesianism overturn occurs the ascent of new economic theory called monetarism, which appears as response to Keynesianism and government interventionism. Along with Keynesianism and Monetarism, as the most important macroeconomic theories of 20th century, we have absolute rise of new classical macroeconomic. New classical macroeconomic theory develops theory of rational expectations and applies microeconomic basics in macroeconomic theory

Constructive systems of fully reinforced lightweight concrete bridges

This paper deals with the possibility of using fully reinforced lightweight concrete systems in the bridge structures. Fully reinforced lightweight concrete systems are composed of a steel reinforcement skeleton with the main bearing capacity and lightweight concrete body as a secondary bearing material for a local and global stabilisation. Two examples are given in this paper; the example of a grill-shaped overpass over four spans and a box girder bridge over three spans. Lightweight concrete deck slab is reinforced with a grill-shaped reinforcement made of welded R trusses in two perpendicular directions. The reinforcement of the lightweight main girders, cross girders and walls of the lightweight box girder is designed as, at least, one truss with X-shaped diagonals

STORYTELLING – THE TOOL OF DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES FOR CREATING AN EXTRAORDINARY EXPERIENCE IN FILM TOURISM

Experience-based industries, such as tourism, gain a competitive advantage when they create an extraordinary experience for their customers. Contemporary tourists prefer authentic experiences, acquisition of new knowledge and skills as well as participation in community activities. Therefore, they don’t want to consume only the products and services in the destination, but they are really interested in the story behind the tourist products. In film tourism, the story has a special role since it is a type of product that arises from the individual experience of the location, which is displayed in some form of media presentation. Consequently, it is particularly important for the destination management companies to use tools and techniques that can influence the customer experience. In this context, the aim of this paper is to analyse possibility of destination management companies to use storytelling in creating film tourism products. Although storytelling is often used by destination management organization as a destination marketing tool, destination management companies can use it to create high value-added products. This paper analyzes an example of good practice how a destination management company can use storytelling in creating and developing its products. However, as the example of good practice emphasizes, the application of storytelling in creating extraordinary experience requires an interdisciplinary approach and great creativity of experts from different fields, where additional value can be achieved through the use of modern information and communication technology. Applying this approach, storytelling is a tool that destination management companies can use very successfully to transform the film tourism product into an extraordinary experience for their customers

Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Lifestyle Habits of Pregnant Women Smokers

The aim of this study was to describe anthropometric, clinical, socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of pregnant smokers in comparison to pregnant nonsmokers. During years 1999–2003, 1,435 pregnant smokers and 4,772 pregnant nonsmokers were interviewed after delivery with a questionnaire. They were recorded clinical, anthropometric and socio-demographic data, smoking status, labor outcome, maternal and fetal hemoglobin concentrations for each patient. The two groups were comparable in anthropometric and clinical characteristics, duration of pregnancy and mode of delivery, except for birth weights, which were significantly lower in newborns of smokers. Maternal hemoglobin concentrations were significantly lower in smokers, but fetal hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher in babies of smokers. The proportion of pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy was higher among urban women, among women with lower educational level and among unemployed subjects in comparison with nonsmokers. The pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy were more often caffeine and alcohol consumers. To further reduce smoking during pregnancy it is important to continue to promote smoking cessation among teenagers

Analysis and Selection of the Most Favorable Energy Generating Product for the Heating Requirements of a Production Plant

Provedena je analiza i izbor najpovoljnijeg energenta za izgaranje i pretvorbu u toplinsku energiju za tehnološke potrebe, grijanje i pripremu PTV – e proizvodnog pogona u kontinentalnom klimatskom području. Analizirani energenti su: prirodni plin, bioplin, drvna sječka, peleti i ekstra lako loživo ulje. I uz 1,5 – 2,0 puta veća investicijska ulaganja u termoenergetsko postrojenje obnovljiva drvna sječka je ekološki i ekonomski najpovoljnije pogonsko gorivo za proizvodnju toplinske energije. U tom slučaju cijena 1 kWh toplinske energije je višestruko manja (3 – 7 puta) od cijene 1 kWh toplinske energije dobivene izgaranjem ostalih analiziranih pogonskih goriva. Rast jedinične cijene drvne sječke osjetljivo ne utječe na održivost i ekonomičnost cijene 1 kWh toplinske energije. Emisija štetnih plinova u okolinu je najmanja.The analysis and selection of the most favorable energy generating product for the combustion and transformation into thermal energy for technological needs, heating and preparation of consumable hot water (CHW) of a production plant in the continental climate area were carried out. The analyzed energy generating products are: natural gas, biogas, wood chips, pellets and extra light heating oil. Even with 1.5 – 2.0 times higher investments in thermal energy plant, renewable wood chips are, from the ecological and economical perspective, still the most favorable drive fuel for the production of thermal energy. In this case the price of 1kWh of thermal energy is several times lower (3 – 7 times) than the price of 1kWh of thermal energy obtained by the combustion of other analyzed drive fuels. The increase in the unit price of wood chips does not strongly affect the sustainability and cost–efficiency of the price of 1 kWh of thermal energy. The emission of harmful gases into the environment is the lowest

Analysis and Selection of the Most Favorable Energy Generating Product for the Heating Requirements of a Production Plant

Provedena je analiza i izbor najpovoljnijeg energenta za izgaranje i pretvorbu u toplinsku energiju za tehnološke potrebe, grijanje i pripremu PTV – e proizvodnog pogona u kontinentalnom klimatskom području. Analizirani energenti su: prirodni plin, bioplin, drvna sječka, peleti i ekstra lako loživo ulje. I uz 1,5 – 2,0 puta veća investicijska ulaganja u termoenergetsko postrojenje obnovljiva drvna sječka je ekološki i ekonomski najpovoljnije pogonsko gorivo za proizvodnju toplinske energije. U tom slučaju cijena 1 kWh toplinske energije je višestruko manja (3 – 7 puta) od cijene 1 kWh toplinske energije dobivene izgaranjem ostalih analiziranih pogonskih goriva. Rast jedinične cijene drvne sječke osjetljivo ne utječe na održivost i ekonomičnost cijene 1 kWh toplinske energije. Emisija štetnih plinova u okolinu je najmanja.The analysis and selection of the most favorable energy generating product for the combustion and transformation into thermal energy for technological needs, heating and preparation of consumable hot water (CHW) of a production plant in the continental climate area were carried out. The analyzed energy generating products are: natural gas, biogas, wood chips, pellets and extra light heating oil. Even with 1.5 – 2.0 times higher investments in thermal energy plant, renewable wood chips are, from the ecological and economical perspective, still the most favorable drive fuel for the production of thermal energy. In this case the price of 1kWh of thermal energy is several times lower (3 – 7 times) than the price of 1kWh of thermal energy obtained by the combustion of other analyzed drive fuels. The increase in the unit price of wood chips does not strongly affect the sustainability and cost–efficiency of the price of 1 kWh of thermal energy. The emission of harmful gases into the environment is the lowest

Longitudinal Analysis of Basic Motor and Functional Abilities of Elementary School Pupils

The aim of the research was to conduct a longitudinal study of motor and cardiorespiratory fitness of 5th to 7th grade elementary male and female pupils in the period from 2005 to 2020. The pupils (1649) were divided into 3 generation groups: the older (2005–2009), the middle (2010–2015) and the younger group (2016 – 2020). There is a noticeable decrease in flexibility among all pupils and grades of younger generations. Results indicate poorer performance of younger gener ation of 5th graders in speed and power. The 7th grade female pupils who were tested in the 2015 – 2020 period, showed a significant decline in all motor and cardiorespiratory fitness compared to the other two generation groups, except for upper body power. Every four years, an evaluation of test results should be carried out so that each Physical Education teacher in a particular school can accurately compare and standardise the obtained values

Sustavna terapija raka debelog crijeva – pregled novih kliničkih studija

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract worldwide, and also one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, accounting for more than 600000 deaths every year. Depending on the stage of the disease some patients who were surgically treated for CRC with curative intent require adjuvant chemotherapy (fluorouracile-based), which reduces the risk of recurrence and death in patients with stage III CRC, but its role in stage II is still controversial. Pathogenesis of CRC is a result of two different genetic pathways: chromosomal instability (CIN), and inactivation of mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Stage II patients with deficient MMR tumor status do not benefit from adjuvant therapy and should receive surgery alone. For patients with metastatic CRC optimal sequence of chemotherapy regimens and targeted therapy is still debated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been validated as a therapeutic target in several human tumors including CRC. Recently it has been reported that activating mutations in exons 2, 3, and 4 of both KRAS and NRAS all predict a lack of response to EGFR trageted agents. Recent studies suggest BRAF is another prognostic and potential predictive biomarker of CRC. It is necessary to indentify new prognostic and predictive markers, to acquire maximal benefit from every therapy line and to improve prognosis of these patients.Rak debelog crijeva (CRC) najučestalija je maligna neoplazma gastrointestinalnog trakta, te je sa preko 600.000 smrti godišnje jedan od vodećih uzroka smrtnosti od zloćudnih bolesti. Ovisno o stadiju bolesti, neki od bolesnika koji su kirurški liječeni radi raka debelog crijeva s ciljem izlječenja zahtijevaju primjenu adjuvantne kemoterapije (bazirane na fluorouracilu) koja smanjuje rizik povrata bolesti i smrti u III. stadiju bolesti, no njena uloga u stadiju II još je uvijek nedovoljno jasna. Patogeneza u CRC rezultat je dvaju različitih molekulsko-genskih mehanizama: kromosomske nestabilnosti (CIN) te inaktivacije gena koji sudjeluju u popravku pogrešno spojenih fragmenata DNA (MMR). Na temelju provedenih istraživanja, u bolesnika stadija II u kojih je prisutan deficijentan MMR status ne postoji dobit od primjene adjuvantne terapije te je u toj skupini bolesnika kirurško liječenje dostatno. U bolesnika s metatastatskim CRC još uvijek nema konsenzusa o optimalnom redoslijedu kemoterapijskih protokola i ciljane biološke terapije. Receptor za epidermalni čimbenik rasta (EGFR) potvrđen je kao terapijski cilj u više humanih tumora, uključujući CRC. Odnedavno, istraživanja su pokazala da aktivirajuće mutacije na eksonima 2, 3 i 4 KRAS i NRAS gena dovode do izostanka odgovora na ciljanu terapiju usmjerenu na EGFR. BRAF je još jedan od istraživanih biljega u raku debelog crijeva, te je pokazano da je povezan sa lošijom prognozom. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja i identifikacija novih prognostičkih i prediktivnih biljega kako bi se postigla maksimalna učinkovitost svake terapijske linije te poboljšala prognoza ovih bolesnika

Ozračivanje slezene u bolesnika sa zloćudnim i drugim hematološkim bolestima – iskustva jedne bolničke ustanove

Splenic irradiation has long been known as a palliative treatment modality in patients with various malignant hematologic diseases aiming to ameliorate clinical symptoms of splenomegaly as well as clinical sequels of hypersplenism. It provides considerable effect with low toxicity although exact radiotherapy dose and fractionation schedule are not known. During the 1996-2010 period, eleven patients were treated at our institution with splenic irradiation. They received 16 courses of fractionated radiotherapy. There were six patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, four with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and one patient with myelofibrosis. The median of the dose received was 7 Gy, while the median of dose received per fraction was 1 Gy. Both parallel opposed anterior-posterior fields and tangential fields were used. Due to the clinical target volume shrinkage, the treatment field was reduced in 44% of courses. Of the courses initiated for symptom control, 71% resulted in effective palliation, whereas of the courses started to treat hematologic sequels of hypersplenism 50% produced desirable effects. The most common side effects included thrombocytopenia and anemia. Splenic irradiation provides effective and low-toxic palliation of symptoms but it is much less successful in treating hematologic disorders caused by hypersplenism.Ozračivanje slezene je najstariji poznati način palijativnog liječenja bolesnika s različitim zloćudnim hematološkim bolestima. Ima za cilj umanjiti kliničke simptome splenomegalije, kao i posljedice hipersplenizma. Ozračivanje slezene ima značajan učinak uz nisku toksičnost, ali točna radioterapijska doza kao i način frakcioniranja nisu poznati. Između 1996. i 2010. godine 11 bolesnika je liječeno u našoj ustanovi ovim postupkom. Ti bolesnici su primili ukupno 16 aplikacija frakcioniranog zračenja. Šest bolesnika je imalo ne-Hodgkinov limfom, četiri kroničnu limfatičnu leukemiju, a jedan bolesnik je imao mijelofibrozu. Medijan aplicirane tumorske doze bio je 7 Gy, a medijan aplicirane doze po frakciji 1 Gy. Korištena su nasuprotna paralelna te tangencijska radioterapijska polja. Zbog smanjenja kliničkog ciljnog volumena terapijsko polje je tijekom postupka radioterapije smanjeno u 44% radioterapijskih aplikacija. Od radioterapijskih postupaka započetih s ciljem kontrole simptoma 71% ih je rezultiralo uspješnom palijacijom, dok je od postupaka koji su započeti radi popravka hematoloških posljedica hipersplenizma njih 50% izazvalo željeni učinak. Najčešće nuspojave bile su trombocitopenija i anemija. Ozračivanje slezene omogućuje učinkovitu i nisko toksičnu palijaciju simptoma, ali je manje uspješno u liječenju hematoloških poremećaja uzrokovanih hipersplenizmom