Low Copy Number of the AMY1 Locus Is Associated with Early-Onset Female Obesity in Finland

Background The salivary alpha-amylase locus (AMY1) is located in a highly polymorphic multi allelic copy number variable chromosomal region. A recent report identified an association between AMY1 copy numbers and BMI in common obesity. The present study investigated the relationship between AMY1 copy number, BMI and serum amylase in childhood-onset obesity. Patients Sixty-one subjects with a history of childhood-onset obesity (mean age 19.1 years, 54% males) and 71 matched controls (19.8 yrs, 45% males) were included. All anthropometric measures were greater in the obese; their mean BMI was 40 kg/m(2) (range 25-62 kg/m(2)) compared with 23 kg/m(2) in the controls (15-32 kg/m(2)). Results Mean AMY1 copy numbers did not differ between the obese and control subjects, but gender differences were observed; obese men showed the highest and obese women the lowest number of AMY1 copies (p=0.045). Further, only in affected females, AMY1 copy number correlated significantly with whole body fat percent (r=-0.512, p=0.013) and BMI (r=-0.416, p=0.025). Finally, a clear linear association between AMY1 copy number and serum salivary amylase was observed in all subgroups but again differences existed between obese males and females. Conclusions In conclusion, our findings suggest that AMY1 copy number differences play a role in childhood-onset obesity but the effect differs between males and females. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to confirm these observations.Peer reviewe

Copy Number Variants Are Enriched in Individuals With Early-Onset Obesity and Highlight Novel Pathogenic Pathways

Context: Only a few genetic causes for childhood obesity have been identified to date. Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to contribute to obesity, both syndromic (15q11.2 deletions, Prader-Willi syndrome) and nonsyndromic (16p11.2 deletions) obesity. Objective: To study the contribution of CNVs to early-onset obesity and evaluate the expression of candidate genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Design and Setting: A case-control study in a tertiary academic center. Participants: CNV analysis was performed on 90 subjects with early-onset obesity and 67 normalweight controls. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from body mass index-discordant siblings was used for the gene expression analyses. Main Outcome Measures: We used custom high-density array comparative genomic hybridization with exon resolution in 1989 genes, including all known obesity loci. The expression of candidate genes was assessed using microarray analysis of messenger RNA from subcutaneous adipose tissue. Results: We identified rare CNVs in 17 subjects (19%) with obesity and 2 controls (3%). In three cases (3%), the identified variant involved a known syndromic lesion (22q11.21 duplication, 1q21.1 deletion, and 16p11.2 deletion, respectively), although the others were not known. Seven CNVs in 10 families were inherited and segregated with obesity. Expression analysis of 37 candidate genes showed discordant expression for 10 genes (PCM1, EFEMP1, MAMLD1, ACP6, BAZ2B, SORBS1, KLF15, MACROD2, ATR, and MBD5). Conclusions: Rare CNVs contribute possibly pathogenic alleles to a substantial fraction of children with early-onset obesity. The involved genes might provide insights into pathogenic mechanisms and involved cellular pathways. These findings highlight the importance of CNV screening in children with early-onset obesity.Peer reviewe

Bio-Engineering tissue and V.A.C. therapy: A new method for the treatment of extensive necrotizing infection in the diabetic foot

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the standard care for progressive necrotizing infection in diabetic foot with a treatment protocol based on the association between autologous fibroblast grafts and vacuum-assisted closure therapy (V.A.C.). MATERIAL OF STUDY: A retrospective matched Case-Control study was carried out on 20 patients with diabetic foot infection, 10 treated with the standard care and 10 with our new protocol. Inclusion criteria were: acute diabetic foot necrosis (Wagner III and IV), ulcer size (30 to 80 cm2), tendon and bone exposure. Success in the treatment was evaluated as: percentage of healing at the 20th week, time of healing, deambulation, recurrence and major amputation rate. RESULTS: A 90% healing rate was observed after 20 weeks in the study group, compared to a 28.6% in the control group. The recurrence rate in the treated areas was 20% in the study group and 100% in the control group. None of the patients in either group required major amputations. DISCUSSION: We achieved very promising results by associating autologous fibroblasts grafts and V.A.C. therapy, in comparison with standard care. V.A.C. therapy seems to improve the growth rate of the fibroblasts, probably by sealing the wound and providing a moist environment following the fibroblast graft. The improved neoangiogenesis of the neo-dermis could explain the reduced recurrence rate of the study group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the low number of patients involved and the retrospective nature of the analysis, this study showed a reliable, safe and cost-effective method of treating extensive infection in the diabetic foot

Examining the Relationship between Circulating CD4− CD8− Double-Negative T Cells and Outcomes of Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy—Looking for Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Metastatic Melanoma

Background: The role of circulating CD4−/CD8− double-negative T cells (DNTs) in the immune response to melanoma is poorly understood, as are the effects of checkpoint inhibitors on T cell subpopulations. Methods: We performed a basal and longitudinal assessment of circulating immune cells, including DNTs, in metastatic melanoma patients treated with checkpoint blockade in a single-center cohort, and examined the correlations levels of immune cells with clinical features and therapy outcomes. Results: Sixty-eight patients (48 ipilimumab, 20 PD1 inhibitors) were enrolled in the study. Our analysis indicated that better outcomes were associated with normal LDH, fewer than three metastatic sites, an ECOG performance status of 0, M1a stage, lower WBC and a higher lymphocyte count. The increase in lymphocyte count and decrease of DNTs were significantly associated with the achievement of an overall response. The median value of DNT decreased while the CD4+ and NK cells increased in patients that responded to treatment compare to those who did not respond to treatment. Conclusions: DNT cells change during treatment with checkpoint inhibitors and may be adept at sensing the immune response to melanoma. The complementary variation of DNT cells with respect to CD4+ and other immune actors may improve the reliability of lymphocyte assessment. Further investigation of DNT as a potential target in checkpoint inhibitor resistant melanoma is warranted

Microwave Measurements of Pinning Properties in Chemically Deposited YBCO/BZO Films

We present a comparative study of vortex pinning in chemically deposited YBaO nanocomposite films, with the aim of correlating the preparation method to the superconducting properties. Two sets of samples have been prepared by different low fluorine routes (one set followed the in situ approach), with different starting YBCO coating solution and with a different amount of BaZrO. The short-range vortex pinning properties have been assessed using a contactless microwave (48 GHz) technique, which yielded the vortex pinning constant (Labusch parameter) and the vortex viscosity as a function of the applied field up to 0.8 T, and for temperatures between 60 K and. The results were compared to more usual (long-range vortex motion) measurements. Despite the supposed similarity in pinning as determined from, we found significant differences between the pinning properties of the two sets of samples. It appears that the in situ approach results in stronger pinning at microwaves in the whole temperature range explored, and that this behavior is due to the smaller dimensions of BaZrO nanoparticles. This information can be very useful in the search of optimized chemical route to strong pinning superconducting nanocomposite materials

Analysis of Transport Properties of MOD YBCO Films With BaZrO3 as Artificial Vortex Pinning Centers

The transport properties of nanocomposite YBa2Cu3O7-x (YBCO) films grown by metal-organic decomposition (MOD) and prepared with a low-fluorine-coating solution on SrTiO3 single-crystal substrates were studied with dc and microwave measurement techniques. As demonstrated in previous studies, the combination of these two techniques is a powerful tool for vortex pinning investigation. The BaZrO3 inclusions (BZO) as artificial pinning centers were introduced into the YBCO matrix by the excess of corresponding Ba and Zr precursor salts to the initial YBCO precursor solution up to 5 mol%. The effect of BZO was clearly observed in magnetic field dependence relations of critical current density (Jc) and the complex surface impedance, i.e., ΔZ, at fixed temperature and magnetic field parallel to the c-axis. The result shows that BZO particles mainly act as isotropic pinning centers. The short-range vortex dynamics was probed by the ∼47.7-GHz microwave surface impedance technique. The derived vortex parameters r and kp were sensitive to the presence of nanoparticles, indicating the effect of BZO on pinning. The joint field dependence relations of Jc and kp help in elucidating the pinning regime in our nanocomposite MOD YBCO/BZO films

Distribution of copy number of <i>AMY1</i> separately in obese men (A) and obese women (B) and in control men (C) and control women (D).

<p>Mean values differed between obese men and obese women (ANOVA: LSD p = 0.045).</p

Association of <i>AMY1</i> copy number with concentration of total amylase (A) and salivary amylase (B).

<p>Association of <i>AMY1</i> copy number with concentration of total amylase (A) and salivary amylase (B).</p

Baseline characteristics of subgroups with mean (SD).

<p>^a N = 30 for obese males</p><p>^b N = 28 for obese males, N = 23 for obese females</p><p>^c N = 30, N = 28, N = 31 and N = 38 for obese males, obese females, control males and control females, respectively</p><p>^d Kruskal-Wallis test</p><p>SD = standard deviation, BMI = body mass index, WB = whole body, BP = blood pressure, fP = fasting plasma, fS = fasting serum, HOMA = homeostasis model assessment.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of subgroups with mean (SD).</p