H-exponential change of Finsler metric

In this paper, we studied a Finsler space whose metric is given by an h-exponential change and obtain the Cartan connection coefficients for the change. We also find the necessary and sufficient condition for an h-exponential change of Finsler metric to be projective

Political Economy of Tribal Development : A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh

The tribal population in the State of Andhra Pradesh, and in the country as a whole, is the most deprived and vulnerable community that faces severe economic exclusion. Although certain constitutional safeguards are provided, no significant economic, social and political mobility has taken place across this community. Contrary to Scheduled Castes and other Backward Castes who witnessed certain degrees of progress because of protective discrimination policies of the government, the Scheduled Tribes remain abysmally backward and socially excluded, still living in harsh environs. Our paper on "Political Economy of Tribal Development : A Case Study of Andhra Pradesh", delineates the situation of the Scheduled Tribes in the background of various policies of the state during the successive plan periods and its impact on their socio-economic mobility. Politically, this community is the most voiceless in the state. Their unsecured livelihood position in terms of lack of legal entitlements of the resources they use, both land and non-timber forest produce, push them into deep economic vulnerability. The paper also discusses the implications of the new act - Forest Right Act, 2006, on the livelihood security of the tribal communities and whether this act will finally lead to the inclusion of these people into the mainstream.Andhra Pradesh, India, economic exclusion, caste system, socio-economic mobility, Forest Right Act 2006

Measuring autonomy and emergence via Granger causality

Concepts of emergence and autonomy are central to artificial life and related cognitive and behavioral sciences. However, quantitative and easy-to-apply measures of these phenomena are mostly lacking. Here, I describe quantitative and practicable measures for both autonomy and emergence, based on the framework of multivariate autoregression and specifically Granger causality. G-autonomy measures the extent to which the knowing the past of a variable helps predict its future, as compared to predictions based on past states of external (environmental) variables. G-emergence measures the extent to which a process is both dependent upon and autonomous from its underlying causal factors. These measures are validated by application to agent-based models of predation (for autonomy) and flocking (for emergence). In the former, evolutionary adaptation enhances autonomy; the latter model illustrates not only emergence but also downward causation. I end with a discussion of relations among autonomy, emergence, and consciousness

Egg collection and larval rearing of cephalopods- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

Cephalopods are the largest, most active invertebrates. About 1, 17, 278 tonnes of cephalopods are exploited during 2003 in India (Annam et al., 2004). During 2002-2003 India has exported 41,381 tonnes of frozen cuttlefish and 37838 tonnes of frozen squid valued at US$ 166.2 million to countries such as Japan, USA and the European Union (Anon, 2003). Cephalopods are unique because they are 85% protein by dry weight (16-21% by wet weight) (Lakshmanan and Balachandran, 2000) and are considered a delicacy in seafood restaurants. Recent years have witnessed a significant amount of research interest in cephalopod culture, in order to develop technology for commercial farming as well as to produce multiple laboratory generations for research in neurobiology (Minton et al. 2001). They are highly promising biomedical models because of their giant axons and are of interest to neurobiologists. Squids 4 months old have giant axons larger than 450ìm in diameter. Studies have shown that the ultrastructure and physiology of these systems rival the sophistication of their vertebrate counterparts, the vestibular end organs and the vestibulo-oculomotor system. In detail, many parallels exist, e.g., the dynamic response characteristics (gain and phase lag values) of the cephalopod angular acceleration receptor systems are similar to those of the vertebrate semicircular canals, the putative transmitters in the afferent and efferent fiber systems are similar, and the cephalopod brain pathways involved in oculomotor control have vertebrate-like organizations. Thus, these systems are interesting invertebrate models that can substantially contribute to our understanding of the basic principles of morphology, physiology and pathology of these systems in higher vertebrates, including man. Choe and Oshima (1963) and Choe (1966) reared three species of the genus Sepia, the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the sepiolid Euprymna berryi from egg to adult size

Modern approaches for the rearing of marine ornamental fishes : reef tank- Winter School on Recent Advances in Breeding and Larviculture of Marine Finfish and Shellfish

A reef aquarium or reef tank is an aquarium containing live corals and other animals associated with coral reefs. These aquarium setups attempt to recreate marine life like that of the natural coral reef, often spectacularly coloured mixed reef that blend hard and soft corals from different parts of the world. Unlike the marine aquarium, which are built to house various types of fish, the main attraction in many reef tanks are the varieties coral and other invertebrates

Pink-Ear Emperor Bream Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepede, 1802)

Pink ear emperor is a high value marine fish found along the east and west coasts of India

Two photon annihilation operators and squeezed vacuum

Inverses of the harmonic oscillator creation and annihilation operators by their actions on the number states are introduced. Three of the two photon annihilation operators, viz., a(sup +/-1)a, aa(sup +/-1), and a(sup 2), have normalizable right eigenstates with nonvanishing eigenvalues. The eigenvalue equation of these operators are discussed and their normalized eigenstates are obtained. The Fock state representation in each case separates into two sets of states, one involving only the even number states while the other involving only the odd number states. It is shown that the even set of eigenstates of the operator a(sup +/-1)a is the customary squeezed vacuum S(sigma) O greater than