HIDROLISIS Eucheuma cottonii DENGAN ENZIM K-KARAGENASE DALAM MENGHASILKAN GULA REDUKSI UNTUK PRODUKSI BIOETANOL

Bioethanol is one of the renewable resources derived from sugar fermentation process of carbohydrate substance with microorganismaid. Hydrolysis is the stage to get the simple sugar and is done with using k-carragenasethat is obtained from the isolation result of marine microbe in E.cottonii’s habitat. The objectives of this research were to gain time hydrolysis to produce the enzyme activity and reducing sugar highs by k-karagenase and to determine the best of the substrate concentration and k-carragenasein producing a reduction sugar and the highest ethanol. The research steps was started from isolate rejuvenation of IH22 microbe, enzyme production of crudeextraction k-carragenase and 80% acetone precipitation, determination of the hydrolysis timeand activity of k-carragenase. The next step was the substrate hydrolysis with amounts of 6%, 9%, and 12% (b/v) solids, by enzyme from acetone concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v) and then they were fermented for six days with the S.cereviseaeadapted yeast extract. Thek-carragenasse highest enzyme activity was obtained in incubation for 30-60 minutes while the highest reduction sugar was obtained inhydrolysis time for 120 minutes. During the hydrolysis,12% substrate concentration generated the highest reduction sugar and whole sugar of 3.21% and 9.89%, respectively, while 9% substrate with 5% enzyme treatment contained1.49% reduction sugar and 2.75% whole sugar, which was the best substrate in producing ethanol during fermentation process of 1.23% (v/v) and 0.82% (b/v) with 55.78% substrate efficiency and 70.44% fermentation efficieny.Keywords : bioethanol, Eucheuma cottonii, k-carragenasse, S.cerevisia

Pengembangan Quiz Berorientasi Higher Order Thinking Skills Berbasis Multimedia Interaktif dalam Pembelajaran Matematika untuk Sekolah Dasar

This research aimed to develop a quiz-oriented higher order thinking skills-based interactive multimedia, tested the feasibility and tested the effectiveness of a quiz developed in mathematics for elementary school. The method in this research was the Research and Development (R & D) or usually called methods of research and development. This research used a model development ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The subjects of this research was the fourth grade students of SD Muhammadiyah 16 Surakarta, and the material was fraction and whole number operations. This media was tested to find out the feasibility, namely the validation of media experts, material experts, and the student questionnaire assessment results. The results of the assessment of media experts to get the percentage of feasibility with an average value of 87.50% which was included in the category of very decent, validation material experts get a percentage of 87.49% was included in the category of very decent, and the assessment of student questionnaire to get a percentage of the mean average 79.68% with a decent category. The results of the effectiveness of this HOTS oriented quiz are based on test results Normalized Gain (N-Gain) with the average value of the N-Gain experimental class score 71.54% were categorized quite effective

PROCESS IMPROVEMENT OF METHYL ESTER SULFONATE SURFACTANT PRODUCTION AND ITS FORMULATION FOR THE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) APPLICATION

ABSTRACT  Surfactant injection is one of the methods to reduce the remaining oil in reservoir. This is done by injecting a surface active substance into reservoir until the tension of water-oil interface can be decreased. In order to make this process working optimally, an appropriate surfactant that fits the condition and formation of water and reservoir is needed.  This research was aimed at getting the best design of production process of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant by using a continuous system of STFR  (single tube falling film sufonation reactor) with SO3 gas reactant and formulating MES surfactant for its application on EOR.  Process improvement resulted the best MES surfactant at treatment combination of dry air addition of 1.82 kg/hours and pH 8,  sulfonation time of 3-4 hours and purification without methanol addition.  The best MES-based surfactant formulation to be applied on EOR (carbonate field) was formula with MES surfactant composition of 0.3%, Na2CO3 of 0.3% and salinity level of 15,000 ppm.   Keywords: sulfonation, methyl ester sulfonate (MES), optimal salinity, alkaline, MES- based formula 

PROCESS IMPROVEMENT OF METHYL ESTER SULFONATE SURFACTANT PRODUCTION AND ITS FORMULATION FOR THE ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (EOR) APPLICATION

ABSTRACT  Surfactant injection is one of the methods to reduce the remaining oil in reservoir. This is done by injecting a surface active substance into reservoir until the tension of water-oil interface can be decreased. In order to make this process working optimally, an appropriate surfactant that fits the condition and formation of water and reservoir is needed.  This research was aimed at getting the best design of production process of methyl ester sulfonate (MES) surfactant by using a continuous system of STFR  (single tube falling film sufonation reactor) with SO3 gas reactant and formulating MES surfactant for its application on EOR.  Process improvement resulted the best MES surfactant at treatment combination of dry air addition of 1.82 kg/hours and pH 8,  sulfonation time of 3-4 hours and purification without methanol addition.  The best MES-based surfactant formulation to be applied on EOR (carbonate field) was formula with MES surfactant composition of 0.3%, Na2CO3 of 0.3% and salinity level of 15,000 ppm.   Keywords: sulfonation, methyl ester sulfonate (MES), optimal salinity, alkaline, MES- based formula 

Penentuan Lama Sulfonasi pada Proses Produksi Surfaktan Mes untuk Aplikasi EOR

For producing oil remains that remained at old oil wells (mature field), a method of advanced oil acquirement improvement known as an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) should be applied. Surfactant plays an important role in EOR process by reducing interfacial tension (1FT), altering wettability, reducing oil viscosity, and stabilizing dispersion to facilitate the process of oil jetting from reservoir to production well. To optimally cleanse oil that still remained a surfactant compatible with formation water and reservoir is needed. This study was conducted to get the best time of sulfonation process for producing MES surfactant with lower interfacialtension for EOR application. Results showed that the best times of sulfonation process with lower interfacial tension value were 3 and 4 hours

MODIFIKASI FERMENTASI HIDROLISAT ASAM Eucheuma cottonii MENJADI BIOETANOL MENGGUNAKAN Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN Pachysolen tannophilus

ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah adalah modifikasi fermentasi bioetanol secara curah dari rumput laut (Eucheuma cottonii) sebagai substrat sehingga dihasilkan rendemen produk bioetanol yang tinggi. Jenis gula yang terdapat pada hidrolisat asam Eucheuma cottonii terdiri dari 4,95% galaktosa, 0,25% glukosa, 0,04% xilosa, dan 0,02% maltoheptaosa. Produksi etanol tertinggi dari Saccharomyces cerevisiae IPBCC AL IX teradaptasi adalah 2,38% (v/v) etanol pada fermentasi cair, dengan 79,09% efisiensi penggunaan substrat, dan 56,30% efisiensi fermentasi yang difermentasi selama 6 hari. Produksi etanol tertinggi dari Pachysolen tannophilus IPBCC AC IX teradaptasi adalah 0,11% (v/v) etanol pada fermentasi cair, dengan 15,39% efisiensi penggunaan substrat, dan 2,60% efisiensi fermentasi yang difermentasi selam 4 hari. Produksi etanol tertinggi dengan perlakuan culture refresh menggunakan Pachysolen tannophilus IPBCC AC IX teradaptasi setelah fermentasi berlangsung 24 jam oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae IPBCC AL IX teradaptasi adalah 0,81% (v/v) etanol pada fermentasi cair, dengan 82,42% efisiensi penggunaan substrat, dan 19,79% efisiensi fermentasi yang difermentasi selama 6 hari. Produksi etanol tertinggi dengan perlakuan culture refresh menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae IPBCCAL IX teradaptasi setelah fermentasi berlangsung 24 jam oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae IPBCC AL IX teradaptasi adalah 1,76% (v/v) etanol pada fermentasi cair, dengan 53,06% efisiensi penggunaan substrat, dan 43,53% efisiensi fermentasi yang difermentasi selama 6 hari.Kata kunci: bioetanol, Eucheuma cottonii, Pachysolen tannophilus, Saccharomyces cerevisia